Abstract
How has the Japanese manufacturing sector fared in productivity and technological learning in recent years? To answer this, we summarized the manufacturing industry into 3-digit sub-sector (25 sub-sectors) and evaluated the entire manufacturing industry. Our study covers 15 years of production cycles (2000–2014). Using data envelopment analysis and loglinear learning models, we empirically estimated the productivity and technological learning of these industries. The result shows negative (− 0.6%) total factor productivity (TFP) growth between 2000 and 2014. TFP was particularly affected by 2001, and 2008/2009 financial crisis. TFP regress also deepened in recent years (2011–2014) which we blamed on both internal and external shocks in the system. We showed that positive TFP observed in other years resulted from technical progress and efficiency improvement. Industry-level results were consistent with the annual mean result which suggest a common economic downturn. Estimated progress ratios from learning models show that individual industry exhibits unique learning rates, with some industries showing technological learning (i.e., decreasing unit cost of production) between 2000 and 2007 and others between 2010 and 2014. Industries viz. production machinery, electrical devices and circuit, chemical, pharmaceutical, and food manufacturing showed sustained learning between 2001 and 2013, implying huge cost saving as outputs expand. The overall result, however, showed that learning got worst and was lost at some point between 2008 and 2014. We conclude that productivity differentials explained by learning rates show that technological progress and innovations in Japanese manufacturing were capital intensive and cost inefficient and that Japanese manufacturing industry has not fully regained its competitiveness as the world’s leading manufacturing hub. We argued that for productivity improvement in Japanese manufacturing industries, there is a need for policy thrust to restore and ensure sustained learning within and across the industries.
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Change history
20 September 2019
In the original publication of the article, the equation 12 was published incorrectly and the footnote was missing. The correct version of equation 12 and footnote is as below.
Notes
All variables except number of employees are measured in yen.
The value of \(\lambda\) indicates the technical biases associated with production expansion. \(\lambda = 1\) indicate neutrality in technological progress whereas \(\lambda > 1\), suggests that capital labour ratio proportionally increases as output expands (see Pramongkit et al. 2000; Karaoz and Mesut 2005).
Published annually from 2007 onward and downloadable at http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/index_whitepaper.html#monodzukuri.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) for publishing and making data on manufacturing industries of Japan openly free for research. And Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for generously providing scholarship fund to Mr. ADUBA Joseph Junior during his study at Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, under the ABE initiatives program.
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Appendices
Appendix A: Test for return to scale production technologies
Panel A: Output-value added | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnva | Coef. | St.Err. | t value | p value | (95% Conf. Interval) | Sig | |
lnl | 6.924 | 0.713 | 9.71 | 0.000 | 5.526 | 8.323 | *** |
lnk | 0.425 | 0.053 | 8.07 | 0.000 | 0.322 | 0.528 | *** |
Constant | − 8.912 | 1.073 | − 8.30 | 0.000 | − 11.016 | − 6.809 | *** |
Mean dependent var | 14.621 | SD dependent var | 1.393 | ||||
Number of obs | 375.000 | Chi square | 2140.085 | ||||
Prob > Chi2 | 0.000 | Akaike crit. (AIC) | − 49.022 | ||||
lnva | Coef. | Std.Err. | z | p > z | (95% Conf. Interval) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRS/DRS test | 7.349 | 0.665 | 11.050 | 0.000 | 6.046 | 8.653 |
Chi2 | 91.15 | Prob > Chi2 | 0.000 | |||
Panel B: Output-revenue | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnR | Coef. | St.Err. | t value | p value | (95% Conf. Interval) | Sig | |
lnl | 6.004 | 0.788 | 7.61 | 0.000 | 4.458 | 7.549 | *** |
lnk | 0.499 | 0.054 | 9.16 | 0.000 | 0.392 | 0.606 | *** |
Constant | − 4.923 | 1.194 | − 4.12 | 0.000 | − 7.264 | − 2.582 | *** |
Mean dependent var | 16.189 | SD dependent var | 1.414 | ||||
Number of obs | 375.000 | Chi square | 1333.981 | ||||
Prob > Chi2 | 0.000 | Akaike crit. (AIC) | − 430.461 | ||||
lnR | Coef. | Std.Err. | z | P > z | (95% Conf. Interval) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRS/DRS test | 6.503 | 0.740 | 8.790 | 0.000 | 5.052 | 7.953 |
Chi2 | 55.27 | Prob > Chi2 | 0.0000 | |||
Appendix B: Estimated technical efficiency using VRS production technology assumption
Manufacturing industry | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Business oriented machinery | 77 | 76 | 68 | 64 | 64 | 53 | 54 | 46 | 42 | 50 | 49 | 39 | 36 | 34 | 37 |
Ceramic, stone and clay products | 43 | 40 | 38 | 35 | 34 | 27 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 31 | 30 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 27 |
Chemical and allied products | 84 | 83 | 81 | 75 | 80 | 72 | 75 | 75 | 78 | 85 | 89 | 87 | 81 | 81 | 79 |
Electrical machinery, equipment and supplies | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 63 | 72 | 64 | 59 | 69 | 70 | 64 | 66 | 69 | 74 |
Electronic parts, devices and electronic circuits | 75 | 64 | 65 | 59 | 58 | 43 | 45 | 44 | 40 | 50 | 48 | 46 | 47 | 44 | 49 |
General-purpose machinery | 67 | 66 | 62 | 60 | 64 | 36 | 40 | 37 | 39 | 44 | 40 | 36 | 36 | 32 | 37 |
Information and comm. electronic equipment | 93 | 99 | 96 | 99 | 94 | 86 | 89 | 87 | 90 | 97 | 95 | 65 | 61 | 57 | 51 |
Iron and steel | 60 | 57 | 54 | 52 | 57 | 54 | 59 | 62 | 70 | 63 | 74 | 68 | 55 | 56 | 62 |
Production machinery | 64 | 57 | 51 | 54 | 58 | 47 | 51 | 48 | 45 | 43 | 45 | 39 | 39 | 35 | 43 |
Transport equipment | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Beverages, tobacco and feed | 75 | 75 | 69 | 70 | 65 | 47 | 46 | 41 | 46 | 60 | 61 | 42 | 43 | 41 | 43 |
Food | 75 | 83 | 83 | 77 | 76 | 69 | 72 | 68 | 75 | 94 | 92 | 85 | 86 | 83 | 88 |
Furniture and fixtures | 75 | 77 | 74 | 71 | 66 | 54 | 60 | 52 | 56 | 68 | 59 | 58 | 62 | 56 | 59 |
Leather tanning, leather products and fur skins | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Lumber and wood products | 79 | 80 | 88 | 76 | 69 | 59 | 72 | 53 | 55 | 66 | 60 | 58 | 60 | 59 | 62 |
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries | 71 | 79 | 66 | 63 | 51 | 41 | 48 | 50 | 54 | 63 | 49 | 39 | 44 | 37 | 39 |
Printing and allied industries | 63 | 65 | 58 | 51 | 49 | 39 | 41 | 37 | 39 | 54 | 45 | 38 | 40 | 36 | 35 |
Pulp, paper and paper products | 41 | 40 | 39 | 36 | 34 | 27 | 29 | 28 | 29 | 38 | 35 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 32 |
Textile mill products | 45 | 43 | 39 | 37 | 37 | 25 | 30 | 27 | 29 | 53 | 45 | 27 | 29 | 26 | 27 |
Fabricated metal and products | 53 | 54 | 53 | 45 | 51 | 43 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 56 | 51 | 45 | 48 | 44 | 48 |
Non-ferrous metals and products | 43 | 42 | 38 | 36 | 37 | 36 | 51 | 53 | 46 | 49 | 59 | 49 | 45 | 43 | 46 |
Petroleum and coal products | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Plastic products | 71 | 67 | 57 | 52 | 55 | 46 | 48 | 42 | 41 | 46 | 41 | 37 | 41 | 38 | 40 |
Ruber products | 39 | 46 | 40 | 33 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 27 | 29 | 31 | 30 | 26 | 27 | 23 | 25 |
Industry average | 70 | 70 | 67 | 64 | 64 | 54 | 58 | 55 | 55 | 63 | 61 | 54 | 54 | 52 | 54 |
Appendix C: Summary of Malmquist productivity index by industrial groups*
2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: High tech industries | ||||||||||||||
Business oriented machinery | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.981 | 0.887 | 0.939 | 1.016 | 0.825 | 1.016 | 0.850 | 0.911 | 1.197 | 0.985 | 0.783 | 0.935 | 0.947 | 1.082 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.112 | 1.053 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.942 | 0.974 | 1.044 | 1.070 | 1.003 | 0.982 | 0.947 | 0.862 | 0.835 | 1.199 | 0.940 | 0.863 | 1.036 | 0.976 |
Electronic dev. and electronic circuits | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.848 | 1.019 | 0.911 | 0.984 | 0.741 | 1.050 | 0.872 | 1.012 | 1.256 | 0.839 | 0.772 | 1.026 | 0.946 | 1.150 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.123 | 1.043 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.815 | 1.118 | 1.023 | 1.027 | 0.901 | 1.014 | 0.971 | 0.957 | 0.876 | 1.021 | 0.927 | 0.947 | 1.036 | 1.037 |
Info. and comm. Electronic equipment | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.707 | 0.915 | 0.901 | 1.032 | 0.863 | 1.027 | 0.968 | 0.954 | 1.186 | 0.846 | 0.840 | 0.997 | 0.885 | 0.993 |
TECHCH | 0.984 | 1.098 | 1.089 | 1.072 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.695 | 1.004 | 0.982 | 1.106 | 1.050 | 0.992 | 1.078 | 0.902 | 0.828 | 1.030 | 1.009 | 0.921 | 0.968 | 0.896 |
Pharmaceutical industries | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.970 | 0.942 | 0.858 | 0.993 | 0.847 | 1.050 | 0.962 | 1.013 | 1.308 | 0.886 | 0.792 | 1.067 | 0.955 | 1.077 |
TECHCH | 0.998 | 1.098 | 1.085 | 1.078 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.968 | 1.034 | 0.930 | 1.070 | 1.030 | 1.014 | 1.072 | 0.959 | 0.913 | 1.078 | 0.951 | 0.985 | 1.045 | 0.972 |
Panel B: Medium high-tech industries | ||||||||||||||
General-purpose machinery | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.950 | 0.891 | 0.948 | 1.025 | 0.661 | 1.090 | 0.942 | 1.040 | 1.121 | 0.929 | 0.890 | 0.990 | 0.893 | 1.172 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.114 | 1.050 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.913 | 0.978 | 1.056 | 1.077 | 0.803 | 1.053 | 1.050 | 0.984 | 0.782 | 1.131 | 1.069 | 0.915 | 0.977 | 1.057 |
Production machinery | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.892 | 0.903 | 1.045 | 1.079 | 0.811 | 1.092 | 0.932 | 0.938 | 0.954 | 1.056 | 0.861 | 0.996 | 0.900 | 1.231 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.116 | 1.048 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.857 | 0.992 | 1.166 | 1.130 | 0.985 | 1.055 | 1.039 | 0.887 | 0.666 | 1.285 | 1.033 | 0.920 | 0.985 | 1.110 |
Electrical machinery, equip. | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.963 | 0.945 | 1.099 | 0.853 | 0.517 | 1.180 | 0.902 | 0.920 | 1.313 | 0.873 | 0.743 | 1.125 | 1.019 | 1.106 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.121 | 1.044 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.925 | 1.037 | 1.233 | 0.890 | 0.629 | 1.140 | 1.005 | 0.871 | 0.916 | 1.063 | 0.892 | 1.039 | 1.115 | 0.997 |
Chemical | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.970 | 0.942 | 0.858 | 0.993 | 0.847 | 1.050 | 0.962 | 1.013 | 1.308 | 0.886 | 0.792 | 1.067 | 0.955 | 1.077 |
TECHCH | 0.998 | 1.098 | 1.085 | 1.078 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.968 | 1.034 | 0.930 | 1.070 | 1.030 | 1.014 | 1.072 | 0.959 | 0.913 | 1.078 | 0.951 | 0.985 | 1.045 | 0.972 |
Transport equipment | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 1.026 | 0.995 | 0.894 | 0.940 | 0.814 | 1.073 | 0.982 | 0.958 | 1.278 | 0.876 | 0.838 | 1.070 | 0.878 | 1.001 |
TECHCH | 0.982 | 1.098 | 1.097 | 1.067 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 1.007 | 1.093 | 0.981 | 1.004 | 0.989 | 1.036 | 1.095 | 0.906 | 0.892 | 1.066 | 1.006 | 0.988 | 0.961 | 0.903 |
Panel C: Medium low-tech industries | ||||||||||||||
Iron and steel | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.913 | 0.976 | 0.934 | 1.132 | 0.888 | 1.017 | 1.046 | 1.171 | 0.924 | 1.001 | 0.876 | 0.910 | 1.038 | 1.117 |
TECHCH | 1.016 | 1.098 | 1.075 | 1.087 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.927 | 1.071 | 1.004 | 1.230 | 1.079 | 0.982 | 1.166 | 1.107 | 0.645 | 1.218 | 1.052 | 0.840 | 1.136 | 1.008 |
Petroleum and coal products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
TECHCH | 1.108 | 1.050 | 1.026 | 1.104 | 1.189 | 1.013 | 1.100 | 0.905 | 0.716 | 1.196 | 1.180 | 0.974 | 1.000 | 0.925 |
TFPCH | 1.108 | 1.050 | 1.026 | 1.104 | 1.189 | 1.013 | 1.100 | 0.905 | 0.716 | 1.196 | 1.180 | 0.974 | 1.113 | 0.925 |
Plastic products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.937 | 0.850 | 0.903 | 1.074 | 0.828 | 1.040 | 0.890 | 0.972 | 1.123 | 0.878 | 0.916 | 1.094 | 0.925 | 1.061 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.116 | 1.044 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.000 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.901 | 0.933 | 1.008 | 1.121 | 1.006 | 1.004 | 0.992 | 0.920 | 0.784 | 1.069 | 1.100 | 1.010 | 1.012 | 0.957 |
Rubber products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 1.178 | 0.888 | 0.806 | 0.976 | 0.803 | 1.084 | 0.969 | 1.065 | 1.091 | 0.978 | 0.840 | 1.045 | 0.870 | 1.088 |
TECHCH | 0.981 | 1.098 | 1.095 | 1.069 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.000 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 1.155 | 0.975 | 0.883 | 1.044 | 0.976 | 1.047 | 1.080 | 1.008 | 0.762 | 1.191 | 1.009 | 0.965 | 0.952 | 0.982 |
Non-ferrous metals and products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.843 | 0.914 | 0.888 | 1.054 | 0.979 | 1.405 | 1.040 | 0.890 | 1.116 | 0.921 | 0.785 | 0.975 | 0.922 | 1.186 |
TECHCH | 1.009 | 1.098 | 1.076 | 1.086 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 0.979 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.851 | 1.003 | 0.955 | 1.144 | 1.190 | 1.357 | 1.159 | 0.842 | 0.779 | 1.121 | 0.942 | 0.901 | 1.009 | 1.070 |
Fabricated metal and products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 1.014 | 0.982 | 0.858 | 1.090 | 0.870 | 1.067 | 0.977 | 0.994 | 1.265 | 0.870 | 0.802 | 1.094 | 0.935 | 1.092 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.123 | 1.041 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.013 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.974 | 1.078 | 0.964 | 1.134 | 1.057 | 1.030 | 1.088 | 0.941 | 0.883 | 1.059 | 0.963 | 1.010 | 1.024 | 0.985 |
Panel D: Low-tech industries | ||||||||||||||
Food | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 1.042 | 0.953 | 0.851 | 0.960 | 0.798 | 1.049 | 0.930 | 1.144 | 1.329 | 0.877 | 0.854 | 1.051 | 0.902 | 1.083 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.126 | 1.039 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 0.941 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 1.001 | 1.046 | 0.958 | 0.997 | 0.970 | 1.013 | 1.037 | 1.083 | 0.927 | 1.067 | 1.025 | 0.971 | 0.987 | 0.977 |
Beverages, Tobacco and Feed | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.961 | 0.902 | 0.978 | 0.988 | 0.766 | 0.961 | 0.872 | 1.133 | 1.419 | 0.841 | 0.680 | 1.100 | 0.918 | 1.161 |
TECHCH | 1.009 | 1.098 | 1.077 | 1.085 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 0.949 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.970 | 0.990 | 1.054 | 1.072 | 0.931 | 0.928 | 0.972 | 1.072 | 0.991 | 1.023 | 0.817 | 1.016 | 1.004 | 1.047 |
Textile mill products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.957 | 0.902 | 0.956 | 0.995 | 0.693 | 1.164 | 0.910 | 1.055 | 1.874 | 0.843 | 0.599 | 1.080 | 0.885 | 1.067 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.120 | 1.041 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.000 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.919 | 0.990 | 1.072 | 1.036 | 0.842 | 1.124 | 1.014 | 0.998 | 1.308 | 1.026 | 0.719 | 0.998 | 0.969 | 0.962 |
Lumber and wood products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.976 | 1.083 | 0.861 | 0.950 | 0.862 | 1.193 | 0.747 | 1.030 | 1.216 | 0.897 | 0.968 | 1.043 | 0.984 | 1.046 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.126 | 1.039 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 0.999 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.938 | 1.189 | 0.970 | 0.987 | 1.047 | 1.152 | 0.832 | 0.974 | 0.849 | 1.092 | 1.162 | 0.963 | 1.077 | 0.944 |
Furniture and fixtures | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.967 | 0.942 | 0.963 | 1.003 | 0.798 | 1.094 | 0.885 | 1.066 | 1.223 | 0.872 | 0.973 | 1.082 | 0.900 | 1.067 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.126 | 1.039 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.002 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.929 | 1.033 | 1.084 | 1.042 | 0.970 | 1.057 | 0.987 | 1.009 | 0.854 | 1.061 | 1.169 | 1.000 | 0.985 | 0.963 |
Pulp, paper and paper products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.943 | 1.000 | 0.867 | 0.951 | 0.795 | 1.087 | 0.931 | 1.084 | 1.330 | 0.842 | 0.821 | 1.099 | 0.997 | 1.087 |
TECHCH | 0.999 | 1.098 | 1.087 | 1.076 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.002 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.942 | 1.098 | 0.942 | 1.024 | 0.966 | 1.050 | 1.038 | 1.026 | 0.928 | 1.025 | 0.986 | 1.015 | 1.091 | 0.981 |
Printing and allied industries | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 1.026 | 0.900 | 0.872 | 0.981 | 0.788 | 1.044 | 0.909 | 1.056 | 1.386 | 0.830 | 0.837 | 1.066 | 0.907 | 0.972 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.121 | 1.045 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.000 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.986 | 0.988 | 0.978 | 1.025 | 0.958 | 1.008 | 1.013 | 0.999 | 0.968 | 1.011 | 1.005 | 0.984 | 0.993 | 0.877 |
Leather tan., products and fur skins | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.546 | 0.963 | 0.967 | 1.805 | 0.788 | 0.782 | 1.135 | 0.784 | 1.314 | 0.985 | 0.847 | 1.026 | 0.954 | 1.418 |
TECHCH | 0.961 | 1.098 | 1.126 | 1.039 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 0.954 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.525 | 1.057 | 1.089 | 1.874 | 0.958 | 0.756 | 1.265 | 0.742 | 0.917 | 1.199 | 1.017 | 0.948 | 1.044 | 1.279 |
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 1.094 | 0.831 | 0.964 | 0.831 | 0.804 | 1.150 | 1.052 | 1.082 | 1.169 | 0.774 | 0.797 | 1.130 | 0.838 | 1.045 |
TECHCH | 0.963 | 1.098 | 1.113 | 1.058 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 0.999 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 1.054 | 0.912 | 1.073 | 0.878 | 0.977 | 1.111 | 1.173 | 1.024 | 0.816 | 0.942 | 0.957 | 1.044 | 0.917 | 0.943 |
Ceramic, stone and clay products | ||||||||||||||
EFFCH | 0.913 | 0.957 | 0.933 | 0.818 | 0.880 | 1.084 | 0.927 | 1.024 | 1.168 | 0.945 | 0.797 | 1.080 | 0.944 | 1.105 |
TECHCH | 0.981 | 1.098 | 1.096 | 1.070 | 1.216 | 0.966 | 1.115 | 0.946 | 0.698 | 1.217 | 1.201 | 0.923 | 1.094 | 0.902 |
TFPCH | 0.895 | 1.050 | 1.022 | 0.875 | 1.070 | 1.047 | 1.033 | 0.968 | 0.815 | 1.151 | 0.957 | 0.997 | 1.034 | 0.997 |
About this article
Cite this article
Aduba, J.J., Asgari, B. Productivity and technological progress of the Japanese manufacturing industries, 2000–2014: estimation with data envelopment analysis and log-linear learning model. Asia-Pac J Reg Sci 4, 343–387 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-019-00131-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-019-00131-w
Keywords
- Efficiency
- Productivity
- Total-factor-productivity
- Learning-by-doing
- Technological learning
- Manufacturing Industry