Abstract
High accuracy land use/land cover (LULC) mapping of Yamuna Chambal ravines for reclamation and conservation of these degraded/badlands is indispensable. Integration of freely available SAR datasets along with medium to high resolution optical data is one of the best approach for high accuracy LULC mapping. The objective of the presented study is to evaluate the fusion technique for Sentinel-1 SAR data and Sentinel-2 optical data for high accuracy LULC mapping in order to assess the area occupied by these negative landforms i.e., ravines. The VH-polarization fused image with Sentinel-2 optical data gives the best accuracy of 85% followed by VV-polarization fused image with same datasets of 84% accuracy whereas Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 provides the accuracy of 60 and 80%, respectively. The prepared LULC maps shown that bad land (Ravine class) occupied an area in the range of 600–700 km2 using combinations of different datasets as the wastelands in the area required immediate reclamation and conservation measures to be adopted. However, asymptotic performance of fusion technique for SAR and optical data further elucidate its successful implementation and dominancy over other datasets for improved LULC mapping.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chatterjee, R. S., Saha, S. K., Kumar, S., Mathew, S., Lakhera, R. C., Dadhwal, V. K., et al. (2009). Interferometric SAR for characterization of ravines as a function of their density, depth, and surface cover. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 64(5), 472–481.
Marzolff, I., & Pani, P. (2018). Dynamics and patterns of land levelling for agricultural reclamation of erosional badlands in Chambal Valley (Madhya Pradesh, India). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(2), 524–542.
Zinck, J. A., Lopez, J., Metternicht, G. I., Shresthaa, D. P., Vázquez-Selem, L. L., et al. (2001). Mapping and modelling mass movements and gullies in mountainous areas using remote sensing and GIS techniques. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 3(1), 43–53.
Kala, S., Meena, H. R., Rashmi, I., Prabavathi, M., Singh, A. K., Singh, R. K., et al. (2017). Status of medicinal plants diversity and distribution at rehabilitated Yamuna and Chambal ravine land ecosystems in India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(3), 618–630.
Mohapatra, S. N., Rompaey, A. V., Pani, P., Poesen, J., Ranga, V., et al. (2016). Detection and analysis of badlands dynamics in the Chambal River Valley (India), during the last 40 (1971–2010) years. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(3), 183.
Bali, J. S., Kamphrost, A., Miejerink, A. M. J., & Hilwig, F. W. (1969). Methods and the legend for the use of aerial photographs in the survey, stabilization and reclamation of ravines. New Delhi: Central Ravine Reclamation Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operation.
Reiche, J., Verbesselt, J., Hoekman, D., Herold, M., et al. (2015). Fusing Landsat and SAR time series to detect deforestation in the tropics. Remote Sensing of Environment, 156, 276–293.
Haas, J., & Ban, Y. (2017). Sentinel-1A SAR and Sentinel-2A MSI data fusion for urban ecosystem service mapping. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 8(1), 41–53.
Steinhausen, M. J., Wagner, P. D., Narasimhan, B., Waske, B., et al. (2018). Combining Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for improved land use and land cover mapping of monsoon regions. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 73(April), 595–604.
Tavares, P. A., Beltrão, N. E. S., Guimarães, U. S., Teodoro, A. C., et al. (2019). Integration of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for classification and LULC mapping in the urban area of Belém, eastern Brazilian Amazon. Sensors, 19(5), 1140.
Khan, A., Rao, L. A. K., Yunus, A. P., & Govil, H. (2018). Characterization of channel planform features and sinuosity indices in parts of Yamuna River flood plain using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(17), 525.
Ali, P. Y., Jie, D., Khan, A., Sravanthi, N., Rao, L. A. K., Hao, C., et al. (2019). Channel migration characteristics of the Yamuna River from 1954 to 2015 in the vicinity of Agra, India: A case study using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of River Basin Management, 17(3), 1–9.
Kaplan, G., & Avdan, U. (2018). Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data fusion for wetlands mapping: Balikdami, Turkey. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences—ISPRS Archives, 42(3), 729–734.
Ban, Y., Webber, L., Gamba, P., & Paganini, M., et al. (2017). EO4Urban: Sentinel-1A SAR and Sentinel-2A MSI data for global urban services. In 2017 Joint urban remote sensing event (JURSE) (Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 1–3).
Hong, G., Zhang, A., Zhou, F., Brisco, B., et al. (2014). Integration of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to differentiate grassland and alfalfa in Prairie area. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 28(1), 12–19.
Amarsaikhana, D., Blotevogel, H. H., Van-Genderenc, J. L., Ganzorig, M., Gantuya, R., & Nergui, B. (2010). Fusing high-resolution SAR and optical imagery for improved urban land cover study and classification. International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 1(1), 83–97.
Clerici, N., Calderón, C. A. V., Posada, J. M., et al. (2017). Fusion of Sentinel-1a and Sentinel-2A data for land cover mapping: A case study in the lower Magdalena region, Colombia. Journal of Maps, 13(2), 718–726.
Malenovský, Z., Rott, H., Cihlar, J., Schaepman, M. E., Santos, G. G., Fernandes, R., et al. (2012). Sentinels for science: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 missions for scientific observations of ocean, cryosphere, and land. Remote Sensing and Environment, 120, 91–101.
Sprohnle, K., Fuchs, E. M., & Pelizari, P. A. (2017). Object-based analysis and fusion of optical and SAR satellite data for dwelling detection in refugee camps. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 10(5), 1780–1791.
Gibril, M. B. A., Bakar, S. A., Yao, K., Idrees, M. O., & Pradhan, B. (2017). Fusion of RADARSAT-2 and multispectral optical remote sensing data for LULC extraction in a tropical agricultural area. Geocarto International, 32(7), 735–748.
Sanli, F. B., Abdikan, S., Esetlili, M. T., & Sunar, F. (2017). Evaluation of image fusion methods using PALSAR, RADARSAT-1 and SPOT images for land use/land cover classification. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 45(4), 591–601.
Klonus, S., & Ehlers, M. (2008). Image fusion using the Ehlers spectral characteristics preservation algorithm. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 44(2), 93–116.
Ehlers, M. (2004). Spectral characteristics preserving image fusion based on Fourier domain filtering. In Remote sensing for environment monitoring, GIS applications and geology IV (Vol. 5574, No. 1).
Dimov, D., Kuhn, J., Conrad, C., et al. (2016). Assessment of cropping system diversity in the Fergana valley through image fusion of Landsat 8 and Sentinel-1. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 3(July), 173–180.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., Rubel, F., et al. (2006). World map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3), 259–263.
Pal, S. K., Majumdar, T. J., & Bhattacharya, A. K. (2007). ERS-2 SAR and IRS-1C LISS III data fusion: A PCA approach to improve remote sensing based geological interpretation. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 61(5), 281–297.
Ehlers, M., Klonus, S., Åstrand, P. J., & Rosso, P. (2010). Multi-sensor image fusion for pansharpening in remote sensing. International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 1(1), 25–45.
Anderson, J. R. (1976). A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data (Vol. 964). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Grouven, U., Bender, R., Ziegler, A., & Lange, S. (2007). The kappa coefficient. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 132(Suppl), 1–4.
Reddy, G. P. O., Kumar, N., & Singh, S. K. (2018). Remote sensing and GIS in mapping and monitoring of land degradation. Geospatial Technologies in Land Resources Mapping, Monitoring and Management, 21, 401–424.
Soria-Ruiz, J., Fernandez-Ordoñez, Y., & Woodhouse, I. H. (2010). Land-cover classification using radar and optical images: a case study in Central Mexico. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(12), 3291–3305.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all the authors, I confirmed that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, A., Govil, H., Kumar, G. et al. Synergistic use of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for improved LULC mapping with special reference to bad land class: a case study for Yamuna River floodplain, India. Spat. Inf. Res. 28, 669–681 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-020-00325-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-020-00325-x