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Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

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Abstract

During the last years ionic liquids (ILs) were increasingly used and investigated as reaction media, hydrogen sources, catalysts, templating agents and stabilizers for the synthesis of (monometallic and bimetallic) metal nanoparticles (M-NPs). Especially ILs with 1,3-dialkyl-imidazolium cations featured prominently in the formation and stabilization of M-NPs. This chapter summarizes studies which focused on the interdependencies of the IL with the metal nanoparticle and tried to elucidate, for example, influences of the IL-cation, -anion and alkyl chain length. Qualitatively, the size of M-NPs was found to increase with the size of the IL-anion. The influence of the size of imidazolium-cation is less clear. The M-NP size was both found to increase and to decrease with increasing chain lengths of the 1,3-dialkyl-imidazolium cation. It is evident from such reports on cation and anion effects of ILs that the interaction between an IL and a (growing) metal nanoparticle is far from understood. Factors like IL-viscosity, hydrogen-bonding capability and the relative ratio of polar and non-polar domains of ILs may also influence the stability of nanoparticles in ionic liquids and an improved understanding of the IL-nanoparticle interaction would be needed for a more rational design of nanomaterials in ILs. Furthermore, thiol-, ether-, carboxylic acid-, amino- and hydroxyl-functionalized ILs add to the complexity by acting also as coordinating capping ligands. In addition imidazolium cations are precursors to N-heterocyclic carbenes, NHCs which form from imidazolium-based ionic liquids by in situ deprotonation at the acidic C2-H ring position as intermediate species during the nanoparticle seeding and growth process or as surface coordinating ligand for the stabilization of the metal nanoparticle.

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Fig. 1
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Reprinted with permission from the author of Ref. [119]. Copyright Wiley–VCH 2009

Fig. 7

Reproduced from Ref. [74] with permission, copyright 2010 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Reprinted with permission from Ref. [162]. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society

Fig. 10

Left part is reproduced from Ref. [165] with permission, copyright 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry; right part is adapted from Ref. [164] with permission, copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Graphical collection reprinted with permission from the author of Ref. [30]. Copyright Wiley-VCH 2013

Fig. 13

Reprinted with permission. Copyright the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011 [191]

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Susann Wegner & Christoph Janiak

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  1. Susann Wegner
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  2. Christoph Janiak
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Correspondence to Christoph Janiak.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection “Ionic Liquids II”; edited by Barbara Kirchner, Eva Perlt.

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Wegner, S., Janiak, C. Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids. Top Curr Chem (Z) 375, 65 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-017-0148-1

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