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Dissipation of Penoxsulam in Paddy Soil, Water and Plants, and Quantification of its Residues and its Residual Toxicity to Fish

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Abstract

The aim of this field study was to evaluate residues and dissipation behaviours of penoxsulam herbicide in the soil, water and rice plants, and assess its relative toxicity to fish for two consecutive years 2014 and 2015. Penoxsulam residues were analysed by HPLC–DAD in the soil, water fish and rice plant samples collected from 0.2 days till harvest after its spraying in the paddy field. Fish were sampled from the adjoining ponds at 30, 60, 90 and 100 days to analyse penoxsulam residues as well as residual toxicity. The limit of determination was found to be 0.003 and 0.001 µg/g for soil and water, and 0.01 µg/g for rice grain, straw and fish samples. The results showed that penoxsulam dissipated in the soil of rice field and adjoining pond water at rapid to moderate rate. The degradation half-life of penoxsulam in the soil was found to be 7.32 and 10.4 days. At harvest, 0.010 µg/g residues of penoxsulam were detected in paddy straw, whereas below 0.015 µg/g residues were found in the rice grains. Runoff from the rice fields resulted in penoxsulam residues in the adjacent pond water. At 30 days, toxicity to fish was observed due to presence of penoxsulam residues in the pond water. However, no fish mortality was observed in the pond water at 90 and 100 days. Based on dissipation half-life and penoxsulam residues in soil, a waiting period of 87 days is recommended. It can be concluded that due to moderate half-life of penoxsulam in the paddy soil, its spraying may be considered as safe for weed control in the paddy fields, and the suspected risk through consumption of rice sprayed with penoxsulam is negligible. However, due to its leaching potential and lateral movement, adverse effects on fish is expected. Overall, this study demonstrates a better understanding of the use of penoxsulam for sustainable weed management in the paddy fields and resulting residues in the soil, water and plants, and possible adverse effects of its residues on fish in the two-year period.

Highlights

  • Dissipation dynamics and residual toxicity of penoxsulam to fish were evaluated.

  • The HPLC–DAD method was used for quantification of penoxsulam residues.

  • 0.010 and below 0.015 µg/g penoxsulam residues were found in rice straw and grain.

  • At 30 days, runoff from sprayed rice field caused toxicity to fish.

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Data Availability

All data that support the findings of this study are at ICAR PME cell or with author.

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Acknowledgements

Author is thankful to ICAR, DWR, Jabalpur for supporting this study under in-house project.

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  1. ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Adhartal, Jabalpur, 482004, MP, India

    Shobha Sondhia

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Sondhia, S. Dissipation of Penoxsulam in Paddy Soil, Water and Plants, and Quantification of its Residues and its Residual Toxicity to Fish. Environ. Process. 10, 6 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-023-00619-w

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