Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Accelerating Pathways to Net Zero: Governance Strategies from Transition Studies and the Transition Accelerator

  • Enhancing the Usability of Climate Science and Knowledge for Action (E Gilmore and K Schmitt, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Climate Change Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

After decades of delay, there are promising signs that society may finally be getting serious about climate change. But the problem is now of such urgency that accelerating transition pathways to net zero is of paramount importance. Which governance approach gives society the best chance of simultaneously realizing the multiple sectoral and industrial transformations that net zero entails? How can policymakers and broader societal actors accelerate these transformative processes, setting in motion transition pathways to desirable futures? In response to these interrelated questions, we survey the literature on sustainability transitions and present an approach that aims directly at radical system change.

Recent Findings

Two decades of transition research has generated critical insights on accelerating transition pathways to net zero, highlighting key transformative strategies and pointing to the central role of the state, politics, and intermediaries.

Summary

Transition research indicates that reaching net zero entails radically transforming essentially all sectors and industries as they are deeply entwined with the use of fossil fuels and the release of greenhouse gas emissions. An ambitious state in conjunction with a strong constellation of intermediary organizations can set in motion and accelerate transition pathways by actively driving niche development surrounding promising innovations, promoting the diffusion of emerging alternatives, and phasing out carbon-intensive arrangements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L., Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield,, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou, editors. Clim Change 2021 Phys Sci Basis Contrib Work Group Sixth Assess Rep Intergov Panel Clim Change. Cambridge University Press; 2021.

  2. Black R, Cullen K, Fay B, Hale T, Lang J, Mahmood S, Smith SM. Taking stock: a global assessment of net zero targets [Internet]. Oxford: Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit and Oxford Net Zero; 2021. Available from: https://ca1-eci.edcdn.com/reports/ECIU-Oxford_Taking_Stock.pdf?mtime=20210323005817&focal=none. Accessed 20 Aug 2021.

  3. Baranzini A, van den Bergh JCJM, Carattini S, Howarth RB, Padilla E, Roca J. Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations: Carbon pricing in climate policy. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change. 2017;8:e462.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rosenbloom D, Rinscheid A. Deliberate decline: an emerging frontier for the study and practice of decarbonization. WIREs Clim Change [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jul 27]; Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.669

  5. Anadon LD, Chan G, Harley AG, Matus K, Moon S, Murthy SL, et al. Making technological innovation work for sustainable development. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113:9682–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Stern PC. A reexamination on how behavioral interventions can promote household action to limit climate change. Nat Commun. 2020;11:918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Axsen J, Plötz P, Wolinetz M. Crafting strong, integrated policy mixes for deep CO 2 mitigation in road transport. Nat Clim Change Nature Publishing Group. 2020;10:809–18.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rogge KS, Reichardt K. Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: an extended concept and framework for analysis. Res Policy. 2016;45:1620–35.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kern F, Rogge KS, Howlett M. Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: new approaches and insights through bridging innovation and policy studies. Res Policy. 2019;103832.

  10. Levin K, Cashore B, Bernstein S, Auld G. Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sci. 2012;45:123–52.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rosenbloom D, Markard J, Geels FW, Fuenfschilling L. Why carbon pricing is not sufficient to mitigate climate change—and how “sustainability transition policy” can help. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;5.

  12. Geels FW, Sovacool BK, Schwanen T, Sorrell S. Sociotechnical transitions for deep decarbonization. Science. 2017;357:1242–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Rosenbloom D. Engaging with multi-system interactions in sustainability transitions: a comment on the transitions research agenda. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2020;34:336–40.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Langhelle O, Meadowcroft J, Rosenbloom D. Politics and technology: deploying the state to accelerate socio-technical transitions for sustainability. In: Meadowcroft J, Banister D, Holden E, Langhelle O, Linnerud K, editors. What Sustain Dev Our Common Future Thirty [Internet]. S.l.: Edward Elgar Pub; 2019. p. 239–59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788975209.00024

  15. Meadowcroft J. Let’s get this transition moving! Can Public Policy. 2016;42:S10–7.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Roberts C, Geels FW, Lockwood M, Newell P, Schmitz H, Turnheim B, et al. The politics of accelerating low-carbon transitions: towards a new research agenda. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2018;44:304–11.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Meadowcroft J. Engaging with the politics of sustainability transitions. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2011;1:70–5.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kivimaa P, Hyysalo S, Boon W, Klerkx L, Martiskainen M, Schot J. Passing the baton: How intermediaries advance sustainability transitions in different phases. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2019;31:110–25.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gliedt T, Hoicka CE, Jackson N. Innovation intermediaries accelerating environmental sustainability transitions. J Clean Prod. 2018;174:1247–61.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Matschoss K, Heiskanen E. Making it experimental in several ways: the work of intermediaries in raising the ambition level in local climate initiatives. J Clean Prod [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Sep 16]; Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617304729

  21. Meadowcroft J, and contributors. Pathways to net zero: a decision support tool. Ottawa: The Transition Accelerator; 2021 p. 120. Report No.: Volume 3 Issue 1.

  22. Meadowcroft J, Layzell D, Mousseau N. The Transition Accelerator: building pathways to a sustainable future. Ottawa: The Transition Accelerator; 2019. p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Markard J, Raven R, Truffer B. Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects. Res Policy. 2012;41:955–67.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Köhler J, Geels FW, Kern F, Markard J, Onsongo E, Wieczorek A, et al. An agenda for sustainability transitions research: state of the art and future directions. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2019;31:1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Geels FW. Co-evolution of technology and society: the transition in water supply and personal hygiene in the Netherlands (1850–1930)—a case study in multi-level perspective. Technol Soc. 2005;27:363–97.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Geels FW. Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Res Policy. 2002;31:1257–74.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Geels FW. The dynamics of transitions in socio-technical systems: a multi-level analysis of the transition pathway from horse-drawn carriages to automobiles (1860–1930). Technol Anal Strateg Manag. 2005;17:445–76.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Geels FW. From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems. Res Policy. 2004;33:897–920.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Foxon TJ, Hammond GP, Pearson PJG. Developing transition pathways for a low carbon electricity system in the UK. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2010;77:1203–13.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hofman PS, Elzen B, Geels FW. Sociotechnical scenarios as a new policy tool to explore system innovations: Co-evolution of technology and society in the Netherlands electricity domain. Innov Manag Policy Pract. 2004;6:344–60.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Berkhout F. Technological regimes, path dependency and the environment. Glob Environ Change. 2002;12:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Geels FW. Major system change through stepwise reconfiguration: a multi-level analysis of the transformation of American factory production (1850–1930). Technol Soc. 2006;28:445–76.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rosenbloom D, Meadowcroft J. The journey towards decarbonization: exploring socio-technical transitions in the electricity sector in the province of Ontario (1885–2013) and potential low-carbon pathways. Energy Policy. 2014;65:670–9.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rip A, Kemp R. Technological change. In: Rayner S, Malone EL, editors. Hum Choice Clim Change Vol II Resour Technol [Internet]. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press; 1998 [cited 2015 Nov 14]. p. 327–99. Available from: http://doc.utwente.nl/34706/

  35. Rip A. Introduction of new technology: making use of recent insights from sociolcmgy and economics of technology. Technol Anal Strateg Manag. 1995;7:417–32.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Geels FW, Schot J. Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Res Policy. 2007;36:399–417.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Geels FW, Kern F, Fuchs G, Hinderer N, Kungl G, Mylan J, et al. The enactment of socio-technical transition pathways: a reformulated typology and a comparative multi-level analysis of the German and UK low-carbon electricity transitions (1990–2014). Res Policy. 2016;45:896–913.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kemp R, Schot J, Hoogma R. Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: the approach of strategic niche management. Technol Anal Strateg Manag. 1998;10:175–98.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fuenfschilling L, Truffer B. The interplay of institutions, actors and technologies in socio-technical systems — an analysis of transformations in the Australian urban water sector. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2016;103:298–312.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Smith A, Stirling A, Berkhout F. The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions. Res Policy. 2005;34:1491–510.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Papachristos G, Sofianos A, Adamides E. System interactions in socio-technical transitions: extending the multi-level perspective. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2013;7:53–69.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rosenbloom D. Pathways: an emerging concept for the theory and governance of low-carbon transitions. Glob Environ Change. 2017;43:37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rotmans J, Kemp R, Van Asselt M. More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy. foresight. 2001;3:15–31.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Markard J, Geels FW, Raven R. Challenges in the acceleration of sustainability transitions. Environ Res Lett. 2020;15:081001.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Loorbach D, Frantzeskaki N, Avelino F. Sustainability transitions research: transforming science and practice for societal change. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2017;42:599–626.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Asquith M, Backhaus J, Geels FW, Golland A, Kemp R, Lung T, et al. Perspectives on transitions to sustainability. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Victor DG, Geels FW, Sharpe S. Accelerating the low carbon transition: the case for stronger, more targeted and coordinated international action. London: UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Raven R, Ghosh B, Wieczorek A, Stirling A, Ghosh D, Jolly S, et al. Unpacking sustainabilities in diverse transition contexts: solar photovoltaic and urban mobility experiments in India and Thailand. Sustain Sci. 2017;12:579–96.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Raven RPJM. Strategic niche management for biomass: a comparative study on the experimental introduction of bioenergy technologies in the Netherlands and Denmark. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Smith A, Raven R. What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability. Res Policy. 2012;41:1025–36.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Schot J, Geels FW. Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda, and policy. Technol Anal Strateg Manag. 2008;20:537–54.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Naber R, Raven R, Kouw M, Dassen T. Scaling up sustainable energy innovations. Energy Policy. 2017;110:342–54.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Rosenbloom D, Meadowcroft J, Sheppard S, Burch S, Williams S. Transition experiments: Opening up low-carbon transition pathways for Canada through innovation and learning. Can Public Policy. 2018;44:368–83.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kivimaa P, Hildén M, Huitema D, Jordan A, Newig J. Experiments in climate governance – a systematic review of research on energy and built environment transitions. J Clean Prod. 2017;169:17–29.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bai X, Roberts B, Chen J. Urban sustainability experiments in Asia: patterns and pathways. Environ Sci Policy. 2010;13:312–25.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Loorbach D. Transition management: new mode of governance for sustainable development. Utrecht: International Books; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kemp R, Loorbach D, Rotmans J. Transition management as a model for managing processes of co-evolution towards sustainable development. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol. 2007;14:78–91.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Loorbach D, Rotmans J. The practice of transition management: examples and lessons from four distinct cases. Futures. 2010;42:237–46.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Smith A, Kern F, Raven R, Verhees B. Spaces for sustainable innovation: solar photovoltaic electricity in the UK. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2014;81:115–30.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rosenbloom D, Berton H, Meadowcroft J. Framing the sun: a discursive approach to understanding multi-dimensional interactions within socio-technical transitions through the case of solar electricity in Ontario. Canada Res Policy. 2016;45:1275–90.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Hess DJ. The politics of niche-regime conflicts: Distributed solar energy in the United States. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2016;19:42–50.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Geels FW. Regime resistance against low-carbon transitions: introducing politics and power into the multi-level perspective. Tyfield D, Urry J, editors. Theory Cult Soc. 2014;31:21–40.

  63. Turnheim B, Geels FW. Regime destabilisation as the flipside of energy transitions: lessons from the history of the British coal industry (1913–1997). Energy Policy. 2012;50:35–49.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kivimaa P, Kern F. Creative destruction or mere niche support? Innovation policy mixes for sustainability transitions. Res Policy. 2016;45:205–17.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kivimaa P, Laakso S, Lonkila A, Kaljonen M. Moving beyond disruptive innovation: a review of disruption in sustainability transitions. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2021;38:110–26.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Turnheim B, Geels FW. The destabilisation of existing regimes: confronting a multi-dimensional framework with a case study of the British coal industry (1913–1967). Res Policy. 2013;42:1749–67.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Isoaho K, Markard J. The politics of technology decline: discursive struggles over coal phase-out in the UK. Rev Policy Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 13];n/a. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12370

  68. Rosenbloom D. Framing low-carbon pathways: a discursive analysis of contending storylines surrounding the phase-out of coal-fired power in Ontario. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2018;27:129–45.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Meckling J, Nahm J. The politics of technology bans: industrial policy competition and green goals for the auto industry. Energy Policy. 2019;126:470–9.

    Google Scholar 

  70. van Oers L, Feola G, Moors E, Runhaar H. The politics of deliberate destabilisation for sustainability transitions. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2021;40:159–71.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kuzemko C, Lockwood M, Mitchell C, Hoggett R. Governing for sustainable energy system change: politics, contexts and contingency. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2016;12:96–105.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cherp A, Vinichenko V, Jewell J, Brutschin E, Sovacool BK. Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: a meta-theoretical framework. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2018;37:175–90.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Johnstone P, Newell P. Sustainability transitions and the state. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2018;27:72–82.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hekkert MP, Janssen MJ, Wesseling JH, Negro SO. Mission-oriented innovation systems. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2020;34:76–9.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Schot J, Steinmueller WE. Three frames for innovation policy: R&D, systems of innovation and transformative change. Res Policy. 2018;47:1554–67.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Busch J, Foxon TJ, Taylor PG. Designing industrial strategy for a low carbon transformation. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2018;29:114–25.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Johnstone P, Rogge KS, Kivimaa P, Farné Fratini C, Primmer E. Exploring the re-emergence of industrial policy: perceptions regarding low-carbon energy transitions in Germany, the United Kingdom and Denmark. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2021;74:101889.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Foxon TJ, Pearson PJG, Arapostathis S, Carlsson-Hyslop A, Thornton J. Branching points for transition pathways: assessing responses of actors to challenges on pathways to a low carbon future. Energy Policy. 2013;52:146–58.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Rosenbloom D, Haley B, Meadowcroft J. Critical choices and the politics of decarbonization pathways: exploring branching points surrounding low-carbon transitions in Canadian electricity systems. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2018;37:22–36.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hess DJ. Sustainability transitions: a political coalition perspective. Res Policy. 2014;43:278–83.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Rosenbloom D, Meadowcroft J, Cashore B. Stability and climate policy? Harnessing insights on path dependence, policy feedback, and transition pathways. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2019;50:168–78.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Schmidt TS, Sewerin S. Technology as a driver of climate and energy politics. Nat Energy [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 11];2. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy201784.epdf?author_access_token=PLwaUzRzuLuaeAZwcFfufdRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OGh7T-xtHMOF-GsmUWY57YIOdmXLovj_KGA5qzOSaiAqIUqalqtjnfBRpQRkmA-6keUF6Lvjtt7oCRxtWDOhAQQvY0tIoY_P-XBJQCcx_0VQ==

  83. Jacobsson S, Lauber V. The politics and policy of energy system transformation—explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology. Energy Policy. 2006;34:256–76.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Markard J, Rosenbloom D. Political conflict and climate policy: the European emissions trading system as a Trojan Horse for the low-carbon transition? Clim Policy Taylor & Francis. 2020;20:1092–111.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hargreaves T, Hielscher S, Seyfang G, Smith A. Grassroots innovations in community energy: the role of intermediaries in niche development. Glob Environ Change. 2013;23:868–80.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kivimaa P. Government-affiliated intermediary organisations as actors in system-level transitions. Res Policy. 2014;43:1370–80.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kivimaa P, Bergek A, Matschoss K, van Lente H. Intermediaries in accelerating transitions: introduction to the special issue. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2020;36:372–7.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kivimaa P, Boon W, Hyysalo S, Klerkx L. Towards a typology of intermediaries in sustainability transitions: a systematic review and a research agenda. Res Policy. 2019;48:1062–75.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Seyfang G, Hielscher S, Hargreaves T, Martiskainen M, Smith A. A grassroots sustainable energy niche? Reflections on community energy in the UK. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2014;13:21–44.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Sovacool BK, Turnheim B, Martiskainen M, Brown D, Kivimaa P. Guides or gatekeepers? Incumbent-oriented transition intermediaries in a low-carbon era. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2020;66:101490.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Frantzeskaki N, Bush J. Governance of nature-based solutions through intermediaries for urban transitions – a case study from Melbourne. Australia Urban For Urban Green. 2021;64:127262.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Van Boxstael A, Meijer LLJ, Huijben JCCM, Romme AGL. Intermediating the energy transition across spatial boundaries: cases of Sweden and Spain. Environ Innov Soc Transit. 2020;36:466–84.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Lof J, MacKinnon C, Martin G, Layzell DB. Survey of heavy-duty hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles and their fit for service in Canada. Calgary: The Transition Accelerator; 2020 p. 87.

  94. Layzell DB, Lof J, Young C, Leary J. Building a transition pathway to a vibrant hydrogen economy in the Alberta Industrial Heartland. Transition Accelerator; 2020 p. 71.

  95. Layzell DB, Young C, Lof J, Leary J. Towards net-zero energy systems in Canada: a key role for hydrogen. Calgary: The Transition Accelerator; 2020 p. 53.

  96. The Transition Accelerator. Alberta Industrial Heartland Hydrogen Task Force [Internet]. Transit. Accel. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 7]. Available from: https://transitionaccelerator.ca/our-work/hydrogen/alberta-industrial-heartland-hydrogen-task-force/

  97. UK Committee on Climate Change. Hydrogen in a low-carbon economy [Internet]. London: Committee on Climate Change; 2018. Available from: https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/hydrogen-in-a-low-carbon-economy/. Accessed 20 Aug 2021.

  98. Canada Grid. About [Internet]. Réseau Can. Grid. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 7]. Available from: https://www.canadagrid.org/about

  99. Accelerate. About Accelerate [Internet]. Can. ZEV Supply Chain Alliance. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 7]. Available from: https://acceleratezev.ca/about-accelerate/

Download references

Acknowledgements

Daniel gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada postdoctoral fellowship programme.

Funding

Partial financial support was received from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council postdoctoral fellowship programme.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Rosenbloom.

Ethics declarations

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of Interest

Financial: Daniel authored this analysis while employed as the Director, Analysis and Knowledge Mobilization at the Transition Accelerator.

Non-financial: James serves as Research Director for the Transition Accelerator and receives no financial compensation in this role.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Enhancing the Usability of Climate Science and Knowledge for Action

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rosenbloom, D., Meadowcroft, J. Accelerating Pathways to Net Zero: Governance Strategies from Transition Studies and the Transition Accelerator. Curr Clim Change Rep 8, 104–114 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-022-00185-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-022-00185-7

Keywords

Navigation