Introduction
A 43 years old woman was consulted in the psychiatric ward for acute signs of catatonia. She was scheduled for electroconvulsive therapy. Her medical history showed a borderline personality disorder, depression and back surgery. Six weeks preceding our consultation, she had a cardiac arrest following an auto-intoxication with benzodiazepines. She was resuscitated 30 min, followed by cooling for 24 h. Four days later she was discharged from the hospital without any neurological sequela. After 6 weeks she was re-admitted for severe rigidity and hypokinesia with a subacute onset. At examination she was comprehensive but mutistic. She was able to communicate by pointing at a letter chart with her eyes. Her limbs were symmetrical hypokinetic and rigid with cogwheel phenomenon. Due to the hypokinetic-rigid syndrome she was bedbound.
A non-contrast head CT was performed, which revealed a symmetric hypodense signal in the caudate nucleus and the putamen (Fig. 1). An additional MRI bilaterally showed a hyperintense signal in the caudate nuclei and the putamen (Fig. 2a–c). Laboratory examination showed no abnormalities. The hypokinetic-rigid syndrome improved on levodopa therapy. Three weeks later at discharge she received 250 mg levodopa 4 times daily and 125 mg slow release at the evening. Although some rigidity and hypokinesia remained, she regained independent living. Additional follow-up showed no further deterioration, and levodopa was halved in dosage. Two years later a follow-up MRI showed that the ischemic structures had become atrophic (Fig. 2d–f).
Discussion
We present a case with a severe hypokinetic-rigid syndrome due to delayed hypoxic-ischemic brain injury after benzodiazepines intoxication and cardiac resuscitation. In adulthood, the combination of a lucid interval and selective involvement of the basal ganglia is a rare finding following cerebral hypoxia [1–5]. The basal ganglia are highly at risk in anoxic injury because their perfusion is received from a vascular boundary zone. Furthermore, the basal ganglia have a high metabolic demand [2–4]. The pathophysiology of the lucid interval after the hypoxic event is not well understood, but delayed demyelination following acute necrosis has been proposed. Selective basal ganglia involvement is mostly seen in pediatric patients suffering neonatal asphyxia. In adults, it is seldom reported and mainly caused by monoxide poisoning or substance abuse like heroin and benzodiazepines [2]. MR imaging can confirm the signs of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury which is mainly located in the periventricular subcortical white matter, with infratentorial sparing [5]. In the present case, it remains uncertain whether hypoxic ischemia alone, or the combination with benzodiazepine intoxication, is responsible for selective involvement of the basal ganglia.
We conclude that although rare, selective delayed anoxic injury of the basal ganglia may cause an isolated subacute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome in adulthood. The lucid interval after a circulatory arrest, the symmetrical appearance of the hypokinetic-rigid syndrome and the hyperintense signal of the striatum on T2-MRI contributed to the diagnosis.
References
Plum F, Posner JB, Hain RF (1962) Delayed neurological deterioration after anoxia. Arch Intern Med 110:18–25
Hawker K, Lang AE (1990) Hypoxic-ischemic damage of the basal ganglia. Case reports and a review of the literature. Mov Disord 5(3):219–224
Nowak DA, Bock A, Ponfick M, Gdynia HJ (2012) Parkinsonism following bilateral hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the striatum. J Neurol 259(5):895–897. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6274-8
Li JY, Lai PH, Chen CY, Wang JS, Lo YK (2000) Postanoxic parkinsonism: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation. Neurology 55(4):591–593
Zamora CA, Nauen D, Hynecek R, Ilica AT, Izbudak I, Sair HI, Gujar SK, Pillai JJ (2015) Delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy: a case series and review of the literature. Brain Behav 5(8):e00364. doi:10.1002/brb3.364
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Ethical approval
All information of this case report is in accordance with national and international ethical standards. The manuscript has not been submitted to other journals for simultaneous consideration. Consent to publish has been received from all the authors. Authors whose names appear in the article have contributed sufficiently to the scientific work, and therefore share collective responsibility and accountability for the results. Consent was taken, no personal details about the concerned patient was included in the article.
Informed consent
Written consent to publication was obtained.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Moudrous, W., Sluzewski, M. & van Asseldonk, JT. Delayed onset hypokinetic-rigid syndrome due to hypoxic-ischemic damage of the striatum. Acta Neurol Belg 117, 733–735 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-016-0712-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-016-0712-4