Abstract
This study evaluates the performance of a newly developed atmospheric chemistry-climate model, BCCAGCM_CUACE2.0 (Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model_China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment) model, for determining past (2010) and future (2050) tropospheric ozone (O3) levels. The radiative forcing (RF), effective radiative forcing (ERF), and rapid adjustments (RAs, both atmospheric and cloud) due to changes in tropospheric O3 are then simulated by using the model. The results show that the model reproduces the tropospheric O3 distribution and the seasonal changes in O3 surface concentration in 2010 reasonably compared with site observations throughout China. The global annual mean burden of tropospheric O3 is simulated to have increased by 14.1 DU in 2010 relative to pre-industrial time, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Over the same period, tropospheric O3 burden has increased by 21.1 DU in China, with the largest increase occurring over Southeast China. Although the simulated tropospheric O3 burden exhibits a declining trend in global mean in the future, it increases over South Asia and Africa, according to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The global annual mean ERF of tropospheric O3 is estimated to be 0.25 W m-2 in 1850–2010, and it is 0.50 W m-2 over China. The corresponding atmospheric and cloud RAs caused by the increase of tropospheric O3 are estimated to be 0.02 and 0.03 W m-2, respectively. Under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios, the annual mean tropospheric O3 ERFs are projected to be 0.29 (0.24), 0.18 (0.32), 0.23 (0.32), and 0.25 (0.01) W m-2 over the globe (China), respectively.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
An, Q., H. Zhang, Z. L. Wang, et al., 2019: The development of an atmospheric aerosol/chemistry-climate model, BCC_AGCM_ CUACE2.0, and simulated effective radiative forcing of nitrate aerosols. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 3816–3835, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001622.
Bakwin, P. S., D. J. Jacob, S. C. Wofsy, et al., 1994: Reactive nitrogen oxides and ozone above a taiga woodland. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 99, 1927–1936, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD02292.
Boucher, O., D. Randall, P. Artaxo, et al., 2013: Clouds and aerosols. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 571–657, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.016.
Checa-Garcia, R., M. I. Hegglin, D. Kinnison, et al., 2018: Historical tropospheric and stratospheric ozone radiative forcing using the CMIP6 database. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3264–3273, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076770.
Chung, E.-S., and B. J. Soden, 2015a: An assessment of direct radiative forcing, radiative adjustments, and radiative feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. J. Climate, 28, 4152–4170, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00436.1.
Chung, E.-S., and B. J. Soden, 2015b: An assessment of methods for computing radiative forcing in climate models. Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 074004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074004.
Collins, W. D., P. J. Rasch, B. A. Boville, et al., 2004: Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0). NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-464+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 1326–1334.
Cooper, O. R., D. D. Parrish, J. Ziemke, et al., 2014: Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observationbased review. Elementa Sci. Anthrop., 2, 000029, doi: https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000029.
Forster, P., T. Storelvmo, K. Armour, et al., 2021: The earth’s energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. M. Zhai, A. Pirani, et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 923–1054, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.009.
Gauss, M., G. Myhre, G. Pitari, et al., 2003: Radiative forcing in the 21st century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, 4292, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002624.
Geng, F. H., Q. Liu, and Y. H. Chen, 2012: Discussion on the research of surface ozone. Desert Oasis Meteor., 6, 8–14, doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0799.2012.06.003. (in Chinese).
Geng, G. N., Q. Y. Xiao, Y. X. Zheng, et al., 2019: Impact of China’s air pollution prevention and control action plan on PM2.5 chemical composition over eastern China. Sci. China Earth Sci., 62, 1872–1884, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-018-9353-x.
Gong, S. L., L. A. Barrie, and M. Lazare, 2002: Canadian Aerosol Module (CAM): A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models 2. Global sea-salt aerosol and its budgets. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, 4779, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD002004.
Gong, S. L., L. A. Barrie, J. P. Blanchet, et al., 2003: Canadian Aerosol Module: A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models 1. Module development. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, 4007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD002002.
Granier, C., B. Bessagnet, T. Bond, et al., 2011: Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980-2010 period. Climatic Change, 109, 163–190, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1.
Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, et al., 2005: Efficacy of climate forcings. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, D18104, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005776.
Hauglustaine, D. A., and G. P. Brasseur, 2001: Evolution of tropospheric ozone under anthropogenic activities and associated radiative forcing of climate. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 106, 32,337–32,360, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900175.
Hodnebrog, Ø., T. K. Berntsen, O. Dessens, et al., 2011: Future impact of non-land based traffic emissions on atmospheric ozone and OH-an optimistic scenario and a possible mitigation strategy. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11,293–11,317, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11293.2011.
Huang, Y., 2006: Emissions of greenhouse gases in China and its reduction strategy. Quat. Sci., 26, 722–732, doi: https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.05.007. (in Chinese)
Hurrell, J. W., J. J. Hack, D. Shea, et al., 2008: A new sea surface temperature and sea ice boundary dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 21, 5145–5153, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2292.1.
Jacob, D. J., J. A. Logan, R. M. Yevich, et al., 1993: Simulation of summertime ozone over North America. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 98, 14797–14816, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD01223.
Ji, F., and Y. Qin, 1998: Adcances in study of tropospheric ozone. Meteor. Sci. Technol., 26, 17–24, doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-6345.1998.04.003. (in Chinese)
Jiang, J. H., H. Su, C. X. Zhai, et al., 2015: Evaluating the diurnal cycle of upper-tropospheric ice clouds in climate models using SMILES observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 1022–1044, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0124.1.
Jing, X. W., and H. Zhang, 2012: Application and evaluation of McICA cloud-radiation framework in the AGCM of the National Climate Center. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 945–958, doi: https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.11155. (in Chinese)
Jing, X. W., and H. Zhang, 2013: Application and evaluation of McICA scheme in BCC_AGCM2.0.1. AIP Conf. Proc., 1531, 756–759, doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804880.
Lamarque, J. F., P. Hess, L. Emmons, et al., 2005: Tropospheric ozone evolution between 1890 and 1990. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, D08304, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005537.
Lelli, L., A. A. Kokhanovsky, V. V. Rozanov, et al., 2014: Linear trends in cloud top height from passive observations in the oxygen A-band. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5679–5692, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5679-2014.
Li, B. G., T. Gasser, P. Ciais, et al., 2016: The contribution of China’s emissions to global climate forcing. Nature, 531, 357–361, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17165.
Li, S., T. J. Wang, P. Zanis, et al., 2018: Impact of tropospheric ozone on summer climate in China. J. Meteor. Res., 32, 279–287, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-018-7094-x.
Liao, H., and J. J. Shang, 2015: Regional warming by black carbon and tropospheric ozone: A review of progresses and research challenges in China. J. Meteor. Res., 29, 525–545, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-4120-0.
Liu, C. S., and B. M. Ye, 1991: The effect of cloud distribution on the radiative heating and cooling rates. Acta Meteor. Sinica, 49, 483–493, doi: https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb1991.062. (in Chinese).
Logan, J. A., 1985: Tropospheric ozone: Seasonal behavior, trends, and anthropogenic influence. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 90, 10,463–10,482, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD06p10463.
Lou, S. J., H. Liao, and B. Zhu, 2014: Impacts of aerosols on surface- layer ozone concentrations in China through heterogeneous reactions and changes in photolysis rates. Atmos. Environ., 85, 123–138, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.004.
Lou, S. J., H. Liao, Y. Yang, et al., 2015: Simulation of the interannual variations of tropospheric ozone over China: Roles of variations in meteorological parameters and anthropogenic emissions. Atmos. Environ., 122, 839–851, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.081.
Lu, X., L. Zhang, T. W. Wu, et al., 2020: Development of the global atmospheric chemistry general circulation model BCCGEOS- Chem v1.0: Model description and evaluation. Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3817–3838, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3817-2020.
MacIntosh, C. R., R. P. Allan, L. H. Baker, et al., 2016: Contrasting fast precipitation responses to tropospheric and stratospheric ozone forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 1263–1271, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067231.
Marsh, D. R., M. J. Mills, D. E. Kinnison, et al., 2013: Climate change from 1850 to 2005 simulated in CESM1 (WACCM). J. Climate, 26, 7372–7391, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00558.1.
Moss, R. H., J. A. Edmonds, K. A. Hibbard, et al., 2010: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463, 747–756, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08823.
Nenes, A., S. N. Pandis, and C. Pilinis, 1998: ISORROPIA: A new thermodynamic equilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols. Aquat. Geochem., 4, 123–152, doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009604003981.
Parrish, D. D., J. F. Lamarque, V. Naik, et al., 2014: Long-term changes in lower tropospheric baseline ozone concentrations: Comparing chemistry-climate models and observations at northern midlatitudes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 5719–5736, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021435.
Pincus, R., H. W. Barker, and J. J. Morcrette, 2003: A fast, flexible, approximate technique for computing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous cloud fields. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, 4376, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003322.
Pincus, R., P. M. Forster, and B. Stevens, 2016: The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP): Experimental protocol for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3447–3460, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3447-2016.
Revell, L. E., A. Stenke, F. Tummon, et al., 2018: Tropospheric ozone in CCMI models and Gaussian process emulation to understand biases in the SOCOLv3 chemistry-climate model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16,155–16,172, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16155-2018.
Saikawa, E., H. Kim, M. Zhong, et al., 2017: Comparison of emissions inventories of anthropogenic air pollutants and green- house gases in China. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6393–6421, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017.
Shindell, D. T., G. Faluvegi, and N. Bell, 2003: Preindustrial-topresent- day radiative forcing by tropospheric ozone from improved simulations with the GISS chemistry-climate GCM. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1675–1702, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1675-2003.
Skeie, R. B., T. K. Berntsen, G. Myhre, et al., 2011: Anthropogenic radiative forcing time series from pre-industrial times until 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11,827–11,857, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11827-2011.
Smith, C. J., R. J. Kramer, G. Myhre, et al., 2018: Understanding rapid adjustments to diverse forcing agents. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 12,023–12,031, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079826.
Smith, C. J., R. J. Kramer, G. Myhre, et al., 2020: Effective radiative forcing and adjustments in CMIP6 models. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9591–9618, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9591-2020.
Søvde, O. A., C. R. Hoyle, G. Myhre, et al., 2011: The HNO3 forming branch of the HO2 + NO reaction: Pre-industrial-topresent trends in atmospheric species and radiative forcings. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8929–8943, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8929-2011.
Stevenson, D. S., P. J. Young, V. Naik, et al., 2013: Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3063–3085, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013.
Stock, Z. S., M. R. Russo, and J. A. Pyle, 2014: Representing ozone extremes in European megacities: The importance of resolution in a global chemistry climate model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3899–3912, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3899-2014.
Stockwell, W. R., P. Middleton, J. S. Chang, et al., 1990: The second generation regional acid deposition model chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 95, 16,343–16,367, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD10p16343.
Takemura, T., T. Nakajima, O. Dubovik, et al., 2002: Single-scattering albedo and radiative forcing of various aerosol species with a global three-dimensional model. J. Climate, 15, 333–352, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0333:SSAARF>2.0.CO;2.
van Vuuren, D. P., J. Edmonds, M. Kainuma, et al., 2011: The representative concentration pathways: An overview. Climatic Change, 109, 5–31, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z.
Volz, A., and D. Kley, 1988: Evaluation of the Montsouris series of ozone measurements made in the nineteenth century. Nature, 332, 240–242, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/332240a0.
Wang, M. X., 1999: Atmospheric Chemistry. China Meteorological Press, Beijing, 310–317. (in Chinese)
Wang, T. J., and Z. B. Sun, 1999: Development of study on ozone variation and its climatic effect. Adv. Earth Sci., 14, 37–43, doi: https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.1999.01.009. (in Chinese).
Wang, W. G., J. Wu, H. N. Liu, et al., 2005: Researches on the influence of pollution emission on tropospheric ozone variation and radiation over China and its adjacent area. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 734–746, doi: https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2005.05.07. (in Chinese)
Wang, Z. L., H. Zhang, and P. Lu, 2014: Improvement of cloud microphysics in the aerosol-climate model BCC_AGCM2.0.1_ CUACE/Aero, evaluation against observations, and updated aerosol indirect effect. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 8400–8417, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021886.
Wang, Z. L., H. Zhang, and X. Y. Zhang, 2015: Simultaneous reductions in emissions of black carbon and co-emitted species will weaken the aerosol net cooling effect. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3671–3685, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3671-2015.
West, J. J., C. Pilinis, A. Nenes, et al., 1998: Marginal direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 32, 2531–2542, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00003-X.
Wild, O., and M. J. Prather, 2006: Global tropospheric ozone modeling: Quantifying errors due to grid resolution. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, D11305, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006605.
Wu, T. W., R. C. Yu, F. Zhang, et al., 2010: The Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model: Description and its performance for the present-day climate. Climate Dyn., 34, 123, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0487-2.
Xie, B., H. Zhang, Z. L. Wang, et al., 2016: A modeling study of effective radiative forcing and climate response due to tropospheric ozone. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 33, 819–828, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-5193-0.
Young, P. J., A. T. Archibald, K. W. Bowman, et al., 2013: Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2063–2090, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013.
Young, P. J., V. Naik, A. M. Fiore, et al., 2018: Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Assessment of global-scale model performance for global and regional ozone distributions, variability, and trends. Elementa Sci. Anthrop., 6, 10, doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.265.
Yu, S. C., R. Dennis, S. Roselle, et al., 2005: An assessment of the ability of three-dimensional air quality models with current thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict aerosol NO3-. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110, D07S13, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004718.
Zeng, G., J. A. Pyle, and P. J. Young, 2008: Impact of climate change on tropospheric ozone and its global budgets. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 369–387, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-369-2008.
Zhang, H., 2016: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model of BCC_RAD. China Meteorological Press, Beijing, 205 pp. (in Chinese)
Zhang, H., T. Nakajima, G. Y. Shi, et al., 2003: An optimal approach to overlapping bands with correlated k distribution method and its application to radiative calculations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108, 4641, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003358.
Zhang, H., Z. Shen, X. Wei, et al., 2012a: Comparison of optical properties of nitrate and sulfate aerosol and the direct radiative forcing due to nitrate in China. Atmos. Res., 113, 113–125, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.04.020.
Zhang, H., Z. L. Wang, Z. Z. Wang, et al., 2012b: Simulation of direct radiative forcing of aerosols and their effects on East Asian climate using an interactive AGCM-aerosol coupled system. Climate Dyn., 38, 1675–1693, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1131-0.
Zhang, H., X. Jing, and J. Li, 2014: Application and evaluation of a new radiation code under McICA scheme in BCC_ AGCM2.0.1. Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 737–754, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-737-2014.
Zhang, H., B. Xie, and Z. Wang, 2018: Effective radiative forcing and climate response to short-lived climate pollutants under different scenarios. Earth’s Future, 6, 857–866, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000832.
Zhang, Y. Q., O. R. Cooper, A. Gaudel, et al., 2016: Tropospheric ozone change from 1980 to 2010 dominated by equatorward redistribution of emissions. Nature Geosci., 9, 875–879, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2827.
Zhao, A., D. S. Stevenson, and M. A. Bollasina, 2019: Climate forcing and response to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and ozone in CESM1. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, 13,876–13,894, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030769.
Zhao, S. Y., and K. Suzuki, 2019: Differing impacts of black carbon and sulfate aerosols on global precipitation and the ITCZ location via atmosphere and ocean energy perturbations. J. Climate, 32, 5567–5582, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0616.1.
Zhou, C. H., S. L. Gong, X. Y. Zhang, et al., 2012: Towards the improvements of simulating the chemical and optical properties of Chinese aerosols using an online coupled model- CUACE/Aero. Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteor., 64, 18965, doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18965.
Zhu, J., and H. Liao, 2016: Future ozone air quality and radiative forcing over China owing to future changes in emissions under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 1978–2001, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023926.
Ziemke, J. R., S. Chandra, B. N. Duncan, et al., 2006: Tropospheric ozone determined from Aura OMI and MLS: Evaluation of measurements and comparison with the Global Modeling Initiative’s Chemical Transport Model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, D19303, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007089.
Ziemke, J. R., S. Chandra, G. J. Labow, et al., 2011: A global climatology of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone derived from Aura OMI and MLS measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9237–9251, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9237-2011.
Acknowledgments
We thank the anonymous reviewers and editors for their valuable and stimulating comments, which have greatly improved our paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0603502), Key National Natural Science Foundation of China (91644211 and 41975168), Science and Technology Development Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2021KJ004 and 2022KJ019), and Science and Technology Fund of Beijing Meteorological Service (BMBKJ202003007).
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qi, A., Zhang, H., Zhao, S. et al. Updated Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone and Its Radiative Forcing over the Globe and China Based on a Newly Developed Chemistry-Climate Model. J Meteorol Res 36, 553–573 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-022-1187-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-022-1187-2