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Cantharellus (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) revisited in Europe through a multigene phylogeny

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Abstract

Resolving species delimitation issues of European Cantharellus is crucial to correctly name chanterelles around the globe. Thirty names referring to Cantharellus s. str. have been described in Europe, some of which are used in other continents. Based on combined analyses of ITS2, LSU, RPB2 and TEF-1, merely eight species are here recognized in Europe applying the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria, one of which, C. roseofagetorum, is described as new. Morphological characters used in species delimitation are mapped and their variability evaluated. The colour of the hymenophore in young specimens is found to be a rather constant morphological character of taxonomic use. European species of Cantharellus are morphologically distinguished by unique combinations of characters, such as the presence of a pink pileal coating, pileus and hymenophore colour when young, and in some cases, the mean spore length and ecology. Eighteen type specimens from Europe are sequenced. Based on revised species concepts sixteen novel taxonomic synonyms are here proposed for European chanterelles: C. alborufescens (= C. henrici, C. ilicis, C. lilacinopruinatus), C. amethysteus (= C. cibarius subsp. squamulosus, C. cibarius var. umbrinus, C. rufipes), C. cibarius (= C. cibarius var. atlanticus, C. parviluteus), C. ferruginascens (= C. cibarius var. flavipes), C. friesii (= C. ignescens), C. pallens (= C. cibarius var. albidus, C. cibarius var. bicolor, C. subpruinosus), and C. romagnesianus (= C. pseudominimus, C. lourizanianus, C. romagnesianus var. parvisporus). The type of Cantharellus, C. cibarius, is epitypified. Descriptions, colour illustrations and a key to all European species are provided.

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Acknowledgements

This study would not have been possible without numerous friends and colleagues that provided specimens or/and shared photographs and knowledge with us: M. Becerra, J.B. Blanco-Dios, E. Campo, A. Estades, R. Fernández-Sasia, J. Fernández Vicente, E. Fidalgo, J. Martin, A. Meléndez, M. À. Pérez-De-Gregorio. B. Rodríguez, E. Rubio, L. Rubio Casas, J. C. Salom, P. Siquier, J. Teres, S. Serrano and J.C. Zamora. We thank J. Rejos, curator of AH, for his patience and managing loans of herbarium material for this study. Likewise, we thank the curators of AMB (Associazione Micologica Bresadola; G. Consiglio), DAOM (S. Redhead), E (D. Harris), K (B. Aguirre-Hudson), LOU-Fungi (J.B. Blanco-Dios), MPU (C. Loup), O (K. Bendiksen, K.-H. Larsson), PRM (J. Holec) and OSC (A. Liston). Roberto Fernández Sasia and J. Mornand kindly made the types of C. parviluteus and C. cibarius var. flavipes available to us. We are much indebted to G. Eyssartier, who shared with us material, useful comments and was always collaborative. Pierre-Arthur Moreau and S. Poumarat made available scans of the original drawing of C. cibarius var. alborufescens. Jaume Llistosella gave us valuable information about R. Maire’s trip to Catalonia and the type localities of C. cibarius var. albidus and C. cibarius var. bicolor. Scott Redhead investigated in depth the priority date of the name Cantharellus rufipes and found that was published later (1888) than we believed (1878), which hindered us from making the unfortunate decision to adopt C. rufipes instead of the earlier and well-established C. amethysteus (1887). The first author thanks Luis A. Parra for making available his nomenclatural expertise at any time and help with literature search, and Maria Prieto for enriching discussions and valuable advise. We also acknowledge Massimo Candusso for providing literature. Eric Danell and Svengunnar Ryman showed I. Olariaga localities around Uppsala where fresh material of C. cibarius and C. pallens could be collected. I. Olariaga author also thanks A. Felipe for companionship during numerous field trips to collect Cantharellus material. This study has been partially funded by a project granted by the University of Alcalá (CCG2013/EXP-072), by a grant (I. Olariaga) for Training of Researchers from the Basque Government (2002/2003), and by the Agency of Protected Areas of the Ministry of Environment Protection of Georgia (D. Rodríguez).

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  1. Department of Life Sciences (Botany), University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

    Ibai Olariaga, Gabriel Moreno & Jose Luis Manjón

  2. Department of Plant Biology and Ecology (Botany), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain

    Ibai Olariaga & Isabel Salcedo

  3. Department of Plant Protection, Agroscope Changins-Wadenswil Research Station, ACW, Rte de Duiller, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland

    Valérie Hofstetter

  4. Kherdzmari St. Microdistrict 11. Block 58, Flat 69, Temka, Tbilisi, Georgia

    Diego Rodríguez

  5. Département Systématique et Évolution, CP 39, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France

    Bart Buyck

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  1. Ibai Olariaga
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Olariaga, I., Moreno, G., Manjón, J.L. et al. Cantharellus (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) revisited in Europe through a multigene phylogeny. Fungal Diversity 83, 263–292 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0376-7

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