Skip to main content
Log in

Marketing’s identity crisis: insights from the history of marketing thought

  • Theory/Conceptual
  • Published:
AMS Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

For almost half a century the broadening and generic concepts of marketing have been the dominant paradigm in the marketing discipline. However, ambiguities in that paradigm have hindered development of a general theory of marketing. This research takes a fresh look at these concepts that some academics regard as causing an identity crisis in marketing. Historical analysis reveals many practical applications, which arise from the broadening/generic paradigm, result in unresolvable theoretical anomalies. Consequently, a new paradigm is proposed. Marketing systems, we argue, provides a logically coherent foundation for building a general theory of marketing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alderson, W. (1948). A formula for measuring productivity in distribution. Journal of Marketing, 12(4), 442–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, W. (1957). Marketing behavior and executive action. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, W. (1958). An analytical framework for marketing. In D. Delbert (Ed.), Proceedings: Conference of marketing teachers from far western states (pp. 15–28). Berkeley: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, W. (1964a). A normative theory of marketing systems. In R. Cox, W. Alderson, & S. J. Shapiro (Eds.), Theory in marketing (pp. 92–108). Homewood: Richard D. Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, W. (1964b). Marketing systems in the ecological framework. In H. Hugey (Ed.), The conceptual framework for a science of marketing (pp. 28–43). Urbana: University of Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderson, W. (1965). Dynamic marketing behavior: A functionalist theory of marketing. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, W. T., Challagalla, G. N., & McFarland, R. G. (1999). Anatomy of exchange. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(4), 8–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arndt, J. (1978a). A critique of marketing and broadened marketing. In P. D. White & C. C. Slater (Eds.), Macromarketing: Distributive processes from a social perspective (pp. 7–28). Boulder: University of Colorado Business Research Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arndt, J. (1978b). How broad should the broadening concept be? Journal of Marketing, 42(1), 101–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P. (1974). Marketing as an organized behavioral system of exchange. Journal of Marketing, 38(4), 77–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P. (1975a). Social exchange in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 3(4), 314–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P. (1975b). Marketing as exchange. Journal of Marketing, 39(4), 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P. (1977). Is all social exchange marketing?: A reply as exchange. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 5(3), 315–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P. (1978). Marketing as exchange. American Behavioral Scientist, 21, 535–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P. (1979). Toward a formal theory of marketing exchanges. In O. C. Ferrell, S. Brown, & C. Lamb (Eds.), Conceptual and theoretical developments in marketing (pp. 431–437). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, R. (1968). The general theory of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 32(1), 29–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, R. (1974). The identity crises in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 38(4), 73–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, R. (1976). The history of marketing thought (2nd ed.). Columbus: Grid.

  • Beckman, T. N., & Davidson, W. R. (1967). Wholesaling. New York: Ronald Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddewyn, J. A. (1966). construct for comparative marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research, 3(May), 149–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohannan, P. (1955). Some principles of exchange and investment among the Tiv. American Anthropologist, 57(1), 60–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinberg, D., & McGrath, J. E. (1983). External validity and the research process: A comment on the Calder/lynch dialogue. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(1), 115–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bucklin, L. P. (1970). Vertical Marketing Systems. Glenview: Scott Foresman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder, B. J., Phillips, L. W., & Tybout, A. M. (1981). Designing research for application. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 197–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, S., & Schlink, F. J. (1927). Your money’s worth: A study in the waste of the consumer’s dollar. New York: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F. E. (1922). Principles of marketing. New York: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F. E., & Clark, C. P. (1947). Principles of marketing. New York: MacMillan.

  • Converse, P. D., & Huegy, H. W. (1930). Elements of Marketing. New York: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, M. T. (1924). Principles of merchandising. Chicago: A.W. Shaw.

  • Cox, R., & Alderson, W. (1948). Towards a theory of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 13(2), 137–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Definitions Committee of the American Marketing Association. (1964). Marketing definitions. Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, D. F. (1978). The poverty of social marketing. MSU Business Topics, 26, 50–566.

  • Dixon, D. F., & Wilkinson, I. F. (1982). The marketing system. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duddy, E. D., & Revzen, D. (1947). Marketing: An institutional approach. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Ansary, A.I. (1979). The general theory of marketing: Revisited. In O.C. Ferrell, S Brown & C. Lamb (Eds.), Conceptual and Theoretical Developments in Marketing. Chicago: American marketing association, 399-406.

  • Engel, J. F., Kollat, D. T., & Blackwell, R. D. (1968). Consumer Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C., & Perrachione, J. R. (1980). An inquiry into Bagozzi’s formal theory of marketing exchanges. In C. W. Lamb & P. M. Dunne (Eds.), Theoretical developments in marketing (pp. 158–159). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C., & Zey-Ferrell, M. (1977). Is all social exchange marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 5(4), 307–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, G. (1967). Marketing systems: An introductory analysis. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, G., & Dixon, D. F. (1967). Theories for Marketing System Analysis. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. A., & Howell, J. E. (1959). Higher Education for Business. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, C. A. (1982). Gifts and commodities. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, C. A. (1983). Kula gift exchange and capitalist commodity exchange: A comparison. In J. Leach & E. R. Leach (Eds.), The Kula: New perspectives on Massim exchange (pp. 103–117). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, K. (2005). Ceremonial exchange. In J. G. Carrier (Ed.), A handbook of economic anthropology (pp. 160–175). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook, M. B. (1987). What is consumer research? Journal of Consumer Research, 14(1), 128–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook, M.B. (2003) Adventures in complexity: An essay on dynamic open complex adaptive systems, butterfly effects, self-organizing order, coevolution, the ecological perspective, fitness landscapes, market spaces, emergent beauty at the edge of chaos, and all that jazz. Academy of Marketing Science Review 6, Retrieved October 13, 2005 from http://amsreview.org/articles/holbrook06-2003.pdf.

  • Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. R. (1957). Marketing management: Analysis and decision. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. R., & Sheth, J. N. (1969). The Theory of Buyer Behavior. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. (1976). Marketing theory: Conceptual foundations of research in marketing. Columbus: Grid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. (1983). General theories and the fundamental explananda of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 47(4), 9–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1996). The resource advantage theory of competition. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 107–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D., Muncy, J. A., & Ray, N. M. (1981). Alderson’s general theory of marketing: A formalization. In B. M. Enis & K. J. Roering (Eds.), Review of marketing 1981 (pp. 267–282). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. D. (1905). The manufacturer and the domestic market. The Annals of the American Academy, 25, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, E. J., & Lazer, W. (1958). Managerial marketing: Perspectives and viewpoints. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, E. J. (1969). From the editor. Journal of Marketing, 33(1), 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, J. F. (1962). Special message to the congress on protecting the consumer. Speech to the congress of the United States, March 15, 1962.

  • Kotler, P. (1967). Marketing management: Analysis, planning, and control. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P. (1972). A generic concept of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 36(2), 46–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., & Levy, S. J. (1969). Broadening the concept of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 33(1), 10–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social marekting: An approach to planned social change. Journal of Marketing, 35(July), 3–12.

  • Kotler, P., & Levy, S. J. (1973). Buying is marketing too! Journal of Marketing, 37(1), 54–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Laczniak, G. R., & Michie, D. A. (1979). The social disorder of the broadened concept of marketing. Journal of the American Academy of Marketing Science, 17(3), 214–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layton, R. (2014). Formation, growth, adaptive change in marketing systems. Journal of Macromarketing, 35(3), 302–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazer, W. (1969). Marketing’s changing social relationships. Journal of Marketing, 33(1), 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazer, W. (1971). Marketing management: A systems approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazer, W. & Shaw, E.H. (1988). Collegiate business and marketing education: Historical perspectives and current issues. In S.J. Shapiro & A. H Walle (Eds.). Marketing: A Return to Broader Dimensions: Proceedings of American Marketing Association Winter Educators' Conference. Chicago: American marketing association.

  • Levy, S. J., & Kotler, P. (1969). Beyond marketing: the furthering concept. California Management Review, XII(2), 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luck, D. (1969). Broadening the concept of marketing – Too far. Journal of Marketing, 33(3), 53–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luck, D. (1974). Social marketing: Confusion compounded. Journal of Marketing, 38, 70–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallen, B. E. (1967). Interaction of channel selection policies in the marketing system. In B. E. Mallen (Ed.), The Marketing Channel: A Conceptual Viewpoint (pp. 99–106). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, M. (1922/1970). The Gift: forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, E. J. (1960). Basic marketing: A managerial approach. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, E. J. (1981). Basic marketing. Homewood: Richard D. Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarry, E. D. (2011). Wroe Alderson’s marketing theory seminar: An experiment in higher education (1951-1965). Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3(2), 244–250 From an unpublished oral presentation to the marketing theory seminar, boulder, CO, 22 August 1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, W. (1964). A conceptual approach to marketing. In R. Cox, W. Alderson, & S. J. Shapiro (Eds.), Theory in marketing (pp. 51–67). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, R. (1991). Marketing is everything. Harvard Business Review, January/February, 1–9.

  • Narver, J. C., & Savitt, R. (1971). The marketing economy: An analytical approach. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickels, W. G. (1974). Conceptual conflicts in marketing. Journal of Economics and Business, 27(1), 140–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicosia, F. (1966). Consumer decision processes: Marketing and advertising implications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Shaughnessy, J., & Ryan, M. (1979). Marketing, science, and technology. In O. C. Ferrell, S. Brown, & C. Lamb (Eds.), Conceptual and theoretical developments in marketing (pp. 577–589). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierson, F. C. (1959). The Education of American Businessmen: A Study of University – College Programs in Business Administration. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plato (c375 BCE/1968). The Republic. By Francis M. Cornford (Trans.). London: Oxford University Press.

  • Polanyi, K. (1957). The economy as instituted process. In K. Polanyi, C. M. Aronsberg, & H. W. Pearson (Eds.), Trade and market in early empires (pp. 243–270). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, L. E. (1970). Markets and marketing. Glenview: Scott Foresman & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin, D. E. (1978). A useful scope for marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 6(3), 228–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robin, D. E. (1979). Useful boundaries for marketing. In O. C. Ferrell, S. Brown, & C. Lamb (Eds.), Conceptual and theoretical developments in marketing (pp. 605–613). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, A. W. (1912). Some problems in market distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 26, 706–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, E. H. (1990). A review of empirical studies of aggregate marketing costs and productivity in the United States. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 18(4), 285–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, E. H. (1994). The utility of the four utilities concept. In Research in Marketing VI (pp 47–66). New York: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, Eric H. (1995). The first dialogue on macromarketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 15(1), 7–20.

  • Shaw, E. H. (2010). Revisiting and revising Alderson’s formula to measure the productivity of the aggregate marketing system. Marketing Theory, 10(4), 347–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, E. H. (2014). The quest for a general theory of the marketing system. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 6(4), 523–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, E. H., & Jones, D. G. B. (2005). A history of schools of marketing thought. Marketing Theory, 5(3), 239–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, E. H., & Pirog III, S. F. (1997). A systems model of household behavior. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 5(3), 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth, J. N., Gardner, D. M., & Garrett, D. E. (1988). Marketing theory: Volution and evaluation. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillitoe, P. (1978). Ceremonial exchange and trade: Two contexts in which goods change hands in the highlands of Papua, New Guinea. Man, 11(3), 265–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillitoe, P. (1979). Give and take: Exchange in Wola society. Canberra: Australian National University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillitoe, P. (2006). Why spheres of exchange? Ethnology, 45(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106(6), 467–482.

  • Smith, A. (1776/1937). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. New York: Modern Library.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, L. (1969). Distribution channels: Behavioral dimensions. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, P. W., & Dewhurst, J. F. (1939). Does distribution cost too much? New York: Twentieth Century Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, D. J. (1972). Marketing: Management technology or social process? Journal of Marketing, 36(3), 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, W. T. (1974). Future directions in marketing theory. Journal of Marketing, 38(2), 30–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S. L., Koskela-Huotari, K., Baron, S., Edvardsson, B., Reynoso, J., & Colurcio, M. (2017). A systems perspective on markets – Toward a research agenda. In Journal of business research. Retrieved January 15, 2017 from. https://doi.org/10.2016/j.busres.2017.03.011.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • von Bertalanffy, L. (1962). General systems theory – A critical review. General Systems, 7(4), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory. New York: G. Braziller.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weld, L. D. H. (1916). The marketing of farm products. New York: McMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, P. (1921). Market analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooliscroft, B., Tamilia, R., & Shapiro, S. J. (2006). A twenty-first century guide to Aldersonian marketing thought. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, M. S. (2010). The decline of conceptual articles and implications for knowledge development. Journal of Marketing., 74(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adel El-Ansary.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

El-Ansary, A., Shaw, E.H. & Lazer, W. Marketing’s identity crisis: insights from the history of marketing thought. AMS Rev 8, 5–17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-017-0102-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-017-0102-y

Keywords

Navigation