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Linearly varying deceleration parameter and two scale factors universality

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Abstract

In the present study, a new model of the universe, based on using a generalized form of the linearly varying deceleration parameter, is presented. This model is an oscillating expansion form and simultaneously a contraction form at different stages. It behaves normally as a conventional Big Bang model till the first half-age i.e. at a Big Rip (It represents the maximum value of the expansion of the universe). Then, it reverses its behavior up to the Big Crunch. Such a model has the same physical behavior at its beginning and ending stages. During its first half-age and second half-age, it begins with a singular stage and ends with a non-singular one. Yet, in the first half-age, the model covers a linearly varying deceleration parameter model. Furthermore, it covers the law of Berman and corresponds to the periodic universe of the varying deceleration parameter of the second degree in the Riemannian geometry. The effect of the constant terms in the proposed deceleration parameter is examined and discussed. Also, this article introduces a new model to explain the evolution of the universe by using the Riemannian geometry, together with a constant boundary connecting the two scaling parameters which have some quantum properties. The proposed model predicts the future of the universe after the Big Rip. The results obtained match the recent cosmological observations at the present moment. Finally, the relationship between the spin tensor and the redshift is obtained and discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, KSA for funding this work through Research Group no. RG-21-09-42. Also, the authors would like to express their deep gratitude to Prof. M. I. Wanas for their deep interest and valuable comments during extraction of this work.

Funding

This research was funded by Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, KSA, Research Group no. RG-21-09-42.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    M. A. Bakry

  2. Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    A. Eid & A. Alkaoud

  3. Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    A. Eid

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  1. M. A. Bakry
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  2. A. Eid
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  3. A. Alkaoud
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Correspondence to A. Eid.

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Bakry, M.A., Eid, A. & Alkaoud, A. Linearly varying deceleration parameter and two scale factors universality. Indian J Phys 97, 307–318 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-022-02376-2

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