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Surveillance of Enteric Viruses and Thermotolerant Coliforms in Surface Water and Bivalves from a Mangrove Estuary in Southeastern Brazil

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Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of a mangrove estuary in the Vitória Bay region, Espírito Santo, Brazil. We analyzed the presence and concentration of enteric viruses and thermotolerant coliforms in water, mussels (Mytella charruana and Mytella guyanensis), and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae), collected over a 13-month period. Human adenovirus, rotavirus A (RVA), and norovirus genogroup II were analyzed by quantitative PCR. The highest viral load was found in RVA-positive samples with a concentration of 3.0 × 104 genome copies (GC) L−1 in water samples and 1.3 × 105 GC g−1 in bivalves. RVA was the most prevalent virus in all matrices. Thermotolerant coliforms were quantified as colony-forming units (CFU) by the membrane filtration method. The concentration of these bacteria in water was in accordance with the Brazilian standard for recreational waters (< 250 CFU 100 mL−1) during most of the monitoring period (12 out of 13 months). However, thermotolerant coliform concentrations of 3.0, 3.1, and 2.6 log CFU 100 g−1 were detected in M. charruana, M. guyanensis, and C. rhizophorae, respectively. The presence of human-specific viruses in water and bivalves reflects the strong anthropogenic impact on the mangrove and serves as an early warning of waterborne and foodborne disease outbreaks resulting from the consumption of shellfish and the practice of water recreational activities in the region.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq; Grant No. 14/2009). We thank the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES) for providing a scholarship to Rodrigo Pratte-Santos, Karolina Scarpati, Sara Angelino Martins, and Suzanne Mariane Loss. We also thank Dr. Juliana Justino of the Laboratory of Applied Genetics for Biodiversity Conservation for providing laboratory assistance and conducting the DNA sequencing analysis.

Funding

Funding was provided by Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq, Grant No. 14/2009).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil

    Regina Keller, Rodrigo Pratte-Santos, Karolina Scarpati, Sara Angelino Martins, Suzanne Mariane Loss & Sérvio Túlio Cassini

  2. Faculdade PIO XII, Cariacica, ES, Brazil

    Rodrigo Pratte-Santos

  3. Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Túlio Machado Fumian & Marize Pereira Miagostovich

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  1. Regina Keller
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  2. Rodrigo Pratte-Santos
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12560_2019_9391_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Fig. S1 Temporal distribution of thermotolerant coliforms in water from January to December 2011 and in mussels (Mytella charruana and Mytella guyanensis) and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from January 2011 to January 2012 (TIFF 228 kb)

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Keller, R., Pratte-Santos, R., Scarpati, K. et al. Surveillance of Enteric Viruses and Thermotolerant Coliforms in Surface Water and Bivalves from a Mangrove Estuary in Southeastern Brazil. Food Environ Virol 11, 288–296 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-019-09391-3

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