Abstract
Supporters of American Indian mascots claim that these mascots honor American Indians. If this is the case, then those who have more contact with, and are more supportive of, these mascots would logically demonstrate support for American Indian Peoples in other ways. In this study, we break new ground by employing a cultivation and social learning approach to examine possible associations between greater exposure to American Indian mascots and prejudice toward American Indians, as well as support for their rights. We used an online survey of 903 White Americans to examine associations between long-term exposure to American Indian mascots, attitudes toward Native appropriation, and support for American Indian Peoples. We found that greater exposure to sport media and more contact with American Indian mascots were associated with more prejudice toward and less support for American Indian rights, via double mediators—first via less opposition to American Indian mascots, and second via less opposition to other types of Native appropriation. These findings provide further evidence that American Indian mascots are harmful to American Indians, in this case via their association with higher levels of modern prejudice, less feelings of warmth, and less support for American Indian Nation sovereignty and trust relationship with the United States government. Further, our findings suggest that this harm may be related to lessons learned from the general phenomenon of Native appropriation, which includes acceptance of objectification and dehumanization of American Indians, disregard for their feelings, and legitimation of White settler colonial power.
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Data Availability
The dataset generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Notes
We use the term “American Indians” because this terminology is associated with American Indian Nation sovereignty. We use the abbreviation “AI” to reduce verbiage.
We use the phrase “Native appropriation” because one of the leading scholar-activists on this topic utilizes this phrase (Keene, n.d.).
This model is focused on two stereotype dimensions: competence and warmth.
The association we found between more sport media consumption and greater support for AI mascots is aligned with, but not the same as, the findings of Bresnahan and Flowers (2008) and Billings and Black (2018).
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Acknowledgements
We thank Lawrence R. Baca, Jennifer J. Folsom, Paula Kilcoyne, and Virginia McLaurin for their assistance.
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A $2,500 Summer Grant from Springfield College was used to fund data collection for this project.
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LD contributed to conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, supervision, visualization, writing-original draft, and writing-reviewing & editing. RG contributed to data curation, formal analysis, methodology, resources, software, validation, visualization, writing-original draft, and writing-reviewing & editing. JG contributed to conceptualization, methodology, and writing-reviewing & editing.
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Davis-Delano, L.R., Galliher, R.V. & Gone, J.P. Native Appropriation in Sport: Cultivating Bias Toward American Indians. Race Soc Probl 15, 395–407 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-022-09370-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-022-09370-7