Abstract
Makkah and central Red Sea regions have been re-evaluated from recent earthquake data analysis. Epicenters of recent seismic activity are concentrated in three local seismic zones. These are Ad Damm fault (NE), Nu’man–Makkah–Fatima (NW), and Jeddah-Red Sea (NW) seismic zones. Moreover, an extended seismic zone along the central part of Red Sea is observed. Most of these epicenters are distributed along tectonic faults, as indicated from the subsurface structure analysis of the aeromagnetic anomaly map. Some epicenters of small magnitudes are inaccurately located. The study indicates the existence of large active structural basin south of Makkah region, which traverse Ad Damm fault zone with the Red Sea transform faults. Slip vector analyses were carried out for 50 available earthquake focal mechanisms around Makkah region. In Nu’man, Makkah, and Fatima structural zones, the slip vectors generally trend NW and NNW. However, in the southern part at the Ad Dam structure zone, the slip vector trends NE–SW. These may result from the current complicated drifting motion of Arabian plate away from African plate combined with the opening of the Red Sea rift.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Amri AM (1995b) Preliminary seismic hazard assessment of the southern Red Sea region. J Europe Earth Eng 3:33–38
Al-Amri AM (1998) The crustal structure of the western Arabian Platform from the spectral analysis of long-period P-wave amplitude ratios. Tectonophysics 290:271–283
Al-Amri AM (1999) The crustal and upper mantle structure of the interior Arabian platform. Geophys J Int 136:421–430
Al-Amri AM (2004) Seismic zones in the Arabian Peninsula. Seismic Studies Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, p 213
Al-Amri A, Rodgers A, Al-khalifah T (2004a) Improving seismic hazard assessment in Saudi Arabia using earthquake location and magnitude calibration. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Scientific Research and Technological Development Outlook in the Arab World (11–14 April 2004), Riyadh.
Al-Amri AM, Punsslan BT, Khalil A, Uy EA (2004b) Seismic hazard assessment of western Saudi Arabia and the Red Sea region. IISEE Japan:95–112
Al-Haddad MS, Siddiqi G, Al-Zaid R, Arafah A, Necioglu A, Turkelli N (1994) A basis for evaluation of seismic hazard and design criteria for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Earthquake Spectra 10:231–258
Al-Saud MM (2008) Structural mapping from high resolution aeromagnetic data in west-central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia using normalized derivatives. Acta Geophysica Journal (in press)
Ambraseys A (1988) Seismicity of Saudi Arabia and adjacent areas, Report 88/11, ESEE. Imperial Coll Sci Tech 88/11, London
Anon (1972) The sea that is really an ocean. New Scientist 34(545):414
Bararzangi M (1981) Evaluation of seismic risk along the western part of the Arabian Plate: Discussion and Recommendations. Bull Fac Earth Sci, King Abdulaziz University 4:77–87
Benoit M, Nyblade A, VanDecar J, Gurrola H (2003) Upper mantle P wave velocity structure and transition zone thickness beneath the Arabian Shield, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, doi:10.1029/2002GL016436
Bohannon RG, Naeser CW, Schmidt DL, Zimmerman RA (1989) The timing of uplift and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: a case for passive rifting? J Geophys Res 94:1683–1701
Brown GF, Jackson RO (1960a) The Arabian Shield, International Geological Congress, 21st, Copenhagen Proceedings, pp. 69–77.
Brown FB, Schmidt DL, Huffman AC (1989) Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Shield area of western Saudi Arabia, U.S. Geological Survey Professional, Paper 560-A, 188p
Camp VE, Roobol MJ (1991) Geologic map of the Cenozoic lava field of Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral resources, Directorate General of Mineral Resources. Map GM-123, Scale 1:250,000 with text.
Camp VE, Roobol MJ (1992) Upwelling asthenosphere beneath western Arabia and its regional implications. J Geophys Res 97:15255–15271
Coleman RG (1993) Geologic evolution of the Red Sea. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 24. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 186
Coleman RG, Brown GF (1971) Volcanism in southwest Saudi Arabia [abs]. Geol. Soc. America Abs. with Programs 3(7):529
Coleman RG, Gregory RT, Brown GF (1983) Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report USGS-OF-03-93
Debayle E, Lévêque JJ, Cara M (2001) Seismic evidence for a deeply rooted low velocity anomaly in the upper mantle beneath the northeastern Afro/Arabian continent, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193/3-4, 369–382
Demets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF, Stein S (1990) Current plate motions. Geophys J Int 101:425–478
Demets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF, Stein S (1994) Effects of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophys Res Lett 21:2191–2194
Ebinger C, Sleep N (1998) Cenozoic magmatism throughout E. Africa resulting from impact of a single plume. Nature, 395, 788
Gettings ME, Anderson GE (1983) An interpretation of gravity and aeromagnetic surveys of the greater Jiddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File report USGS- OF- 03-31, 37
Girdler RW (1969) The Red Sea—a geophysical background. In: Degens ET, Ross DA (eds) Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer, New York, pp 59–70
Hansen S, Rodgers A, Schwartz S, Al-Amri A (2007) Imaging ruptured lithosphere beneath the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula. Earth Planet Sci Lett 259:256–265
Izzeldin A (1987) Seismic, gravity, magnetic surveys in the central part of the Red Sea, their interpretation and implications for the structure and evolution of the Red Sea. Tectonophysics 143:269–306
Jackson J, Fitch T (1981) Basement faulting and the focal depths of the larger earthquakes in the Zagros mountains (Iran). Geophys J R AstronSoc 64:561–586
Jestin F, Hunchon P, Gauliar JM (1994) The Somalia plate and East African rift system: Present-day kinematics. Geophys J Int 116:637–654
Johnson PR (1997) Field excursion to the Ad Damm fault zone: Neoproterozoic and Tertiary movement, Saudi Society for Earth Sciences, Ministry for Mineral Resources, p. 18
Makris J, Henke CH, Egloff F, Akamaluk T (1991) The gravity field of the Red Sea and East Africa. Tectonophysics 198:369–381
Makris J, Allam A, Mokhtar T, Basahel A, Dehghani GA, Bazari M (1983) Crustal structure of the northwestern region of the Arabian shield and its transition to Red Sea. Bull Fac Earth Sci King Abdulaziz Univ 6:435–447
Martinez F, Cochran J (1988) Structure and tectonics of the northern Red Sea: Catching a continental margin between rifting and drifting. Tectonophys 150:1–32
McClusky S et al (2000) Global Positioning System constrains on plate kinematics and dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. J Geophys Res 105:5695–5719
McKenzie DP, Davies D, Molnar P (1970) Plate tectonics of the Red Sea and east Africa. Nature 226:243–248
Moore T, Al-Rehaili MH (1989) Geologic map of the Makkah quadrangle sheet 21 D, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral resources, Directorate General of Mineral Resources. Map GM-107C, Scale 1:250,000
Nehlig P, Dubreuil N, Guerrot C, Eberle JM, Kluyver HM, Lasserre JL, LeGoff E, Nicol N, Salpeteur N, Shanti M, Thieblemont D, Truffert C (2002) A review of the Pan-African evolution of the Arabian Shield. GeoArabia 7(1):103–124 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain
Rose DA, Whitmarsh RB, Ali SA, Boudreaux JE, Coleman RG, Fleisher RL, Girdler R, Manheim F, Matter A, Nigrini C, Stoffers P, Supko PR (1973) Red Sea, drilling. Science 179:377–380
Sahl M, Smith JW (1986) Geologic map of the Cenozoic lava field of Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral resources, Directorate General of Mineral Resources. Map GM-88C, Scale 1:250,000
Schmidt DL, Hadley DG, Stoeser DB (1979) Late Proterozoic crustal history of the Arabian Shield, southern Najd province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, evolution and mineralization of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. IAG Bull 3:41–58
Silver PG, Holt WE (2002) The mantle flow field beneath western North America, Science 295, 1054–1057
Smith WHF, Sandwell DT (1997) Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science Magazine 277:1956–1962
Tayeb GMS (1983) Geologic map of the Makkah quadrangle sheet 21 /39D, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral resources, Scale 1:250,000
Thenhaus PC, Algermissen ST, Perkins DM, Hanson SI, Diment WH (1986) Probabilistic estimates of the seismic ground motion hazard in Western Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Open File Report, U.S.G.S-PF-06-B,66
Acknowledgment
The author is grateful to Prof. A. Al-Amri, Seismic Studies Center, King Saud University, for providing the seismological data and his valuable contribution in reviewing this study and giving his constructive suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al-Saud, M.M. Seismic characteristics and kinematic models of Makkah and central Red Sea regions. Arab J Geosci 1, 49–61 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-008-0004-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-008-0004-2