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Citizens’ inflated perceptions of the extent of democracy in different African countries: are individuals’ notions of the state an answer to the puzzle?

Überhöhte Wahrnehmungen der Demokratiequalität in verschiedenen afrikanischen Ländern: Sind variierende Staatsverständnisse eine Antwort auf das Rätsel?

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Abstract

Based on responses to the Afrobarometer and other surveys, it appears that most Africans believe their country is democratic. Oftentimes they even express satisfaction with the degree of democracy. Experts, however, have shown that many African countries have a flawed democracy or an authoritarian regime. This discrepancy raises questions about trying to measure democracy based on people’s perceptions and what these perceptions actually indicate. The current study’s analyses (multi-level modelling) based on Afrobarometer (wave 5) indicate that the nature of an individual’s orientation towards the state (‘rights seeker’ vs. ‘privilege seeker’) can contribute to that individual’s belief in the existence of democracy and satisfaction with that perceived democratic governance. This orientation functions as a layer of belief that can affect the cognitive system used to evaluate a political system. When comparing rights seekers’ and privilege seekers’ responses, the rights seekers are more demanding and have higher standards for personal freedom and political liberty. Consequently, there are variations in the perception of the degree of democracy. Given that the majority of respondents to the Afrobarometer have a privilege seeking nature, this may affect the survey results on questions about democracy. The study explores further mechanisms relating to the possible effects of an individual’s orientation towards the state. It finds that privilege seekers tend to believe their country has less corruption and less unequal treatment than rights seekers do. Furthermore, privilege seekers award higher scores on government performance indicators such as ‘management of economy’ and ‘reduction of crime’ than do right seekers.

Zusammenfassung

Befunde des Afrobarometers und anderer Umfragen zeigen, dass die meisten afrikanischen Bürger ihr jeweiliges Land für demokratisch halten. Häufig sind sie sogar zufrieden mit dem Grad der Demokratie. Demgegenüber kommen Experten zu der Einschätzung, dass viele afrikanische Länder als defizitäre Demokratien oder autoritäre Regime klassifiziert werden können. Diese Diskrepanz wirft die Frage auf, ob man versuchen sollte, Demokratie auf der Grundlage der Wahrnehmung der Menschen zu messen, und was diese Wahrnehmung tatsächlich aussagt. Die Mehrebenenanalyse der aktuellen Studie, die auf Daten der fünften Welle des Afrobarometers basiert, deutet darauf hin, dass die Art des individuellen Staatsverständnisses („Rechtsuchende“ vs. „Privilegiensuchende“) dazu beiträgt, den Glauben an die Existenz von Demokratie sowie die Zufriedenheit mit der wahrgenommenen demokratischen Regierungsführung zu erklären. Diese politische Orientierung fungiert als Teil des Einstellungssystems, das zur Bewertung eines politischen Systems verwendet wird. Wenn man die Antworten von Rechtsuchenden mit denen der Privilegiensuchenden vergleicht, zeigt sich, dass die Rechtsuchenden anspruchsvoller sind und höhere Anforderungen an die persönliche und politische Freiheit stellen. Folglich gibt es Unterschiede in der Wahrnehmung des Demokratiegrads. Da die Mehrheit der Befragten des Afrobarometers ein privilegiensuchendes Verständnis aufweist, kann sich dies auf die Umfrageergebnisse zu Fragen der Demokratie auswirken. Die Studie untersucht zudem weitere Mechanismen im Zusammenhang mit dem Staatsverständnis des Einzelnen. Hier kommt sie zu dem Ergebnis, dass Privilegiensuchende dazu neigen, zu glauben, ihr Land habe weniger Korruption und weniger Ungleichbehandlung als Rechtsuchende. Darüber hinaus vergeben Privilegiensuchende bei den Leistungsindikatoren der Regierung, wie z. B. „Management der Wirtschaft“ und „Verringerung der Kriminalität“, höhere Werte als Rechtsuchende.

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Correspondence to Hasan Muhammad Baniamin.

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H.M. Baniamin declares that he has no competing interests.

Appendix

Appendix

 

Table 8 Percent of privilege seekers and rights seekers in different sample countries
Table 9 Variations in satisfaction with democracy in different sample countries
Fig. 1
figure 1

Relation between perceived extend of democracy and democracy matrix value (HDI by UNDP and CPI by TI are controlled)

Fig. 2
figure 2

Relation between satisfaction with democracy and democracy matrix value (HDI by UNDP and CPI by TI are controlled)

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Baniamin, H.M. Citizens’ inflated perceptions of the extent of democracy in different African countries: are individuals’ notions of the state an answer to the puzzle?. Z Vgl Polit Wiss 14, 321–343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-020-00466-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-020-00466-1

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