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System power loss optimization of electric vehicle driven by front and rear induction motors

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Abstract

Power loss optimization aiming at the high-efficiency drive of front-and-rear-induction-motor-drive electric vehicle (FRIMDEV) as an effective way to improve energy efficiency and extend driving range is of high importance. Different from the traditional look-up table method of motor efficiency, power loss optimization of the dual- motor system based on the loss mechanism of induction motor (IM) is proposed. First of all, based on the power loss characteristic of FRIMDEV from battery to wheels, the torque distribution optimization model aiming at the minimum system power loss is put forward. Secondly, referring to d-q axis equivalent model of IM, the power loss functions of the dual-IM system are modeled. Then, the optimal torque distribution coefficient (β o) between the two IMs is derived, and the theoretical switching condition (T sw) between the single- and dual-motor-drive mode (SMDM and DMDM) is confirmed. Finally, a dual-motor test platform is developed. The derived torque distribution strategy is verified. The influence of motor temperature on β o and T sw are tested, and the correction models based on temperature difference are proposed. Based on the system power loss analysis, it can be confirmed that, under low load conditions, the SMDM takes priority over the DMDM, and the controller of the idling motor should be shut down to avoid the additional excitation loss. While under middle to high load conditions, even torque distribution (β o = 0.5) is preferred if the temperature difference between the two IMs is small; otherwise, β o should be corrected based on dual-motor temperatures. The theoretical T sw derived without dealing with temperature difference is a function only of motor speed, while temperature difference correction of it should be conducted in actual operations based on motor resistance changing with temperature.

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Abbreviations

η :

overall energy transfer efficiency of the front and rear power train systems

P out :

output power of battery (W)

P invl, P ml, P tl :

power loss caused by inverter, motor and transmission system (W)

β :

power distribution coefficient between the two motors

c :

unit conversion factor

P f, P r :

power distributed to front and rear powertrain (W)

T d :

torque requirement of driver (N·m)

w f, w r :

front and rear motor speed (rad·s−1)

f(V):

mechanical loss of the dual transmission systems

F(β):

overall power loss model of the two motors

w max :

maximum speed of motor (rad·s−1)

f f(βT d, wf), f r((1−β)T d, w r):

loss function of the front and rear motor system

i sqc, i rqc :

iron loss current of stator and rotor in q-axis (A)

i sqt :

q-axis stator current divided into torque current (A)

i sd :

d-axis stator current (A)

w e, w ro :

synchronous angular and electrical angular speed (rad·s−1)

R rc, R sc :

equivalent resistance of iron loss in rotor and stator (Ω)

P :

number of pole pairs

T e :

electromagnetic torque of IM (N·m)

L m, L r :

mutual and rotor inductance (H)

T r :

excitation time constant

ψ r :

flux linkage (Wb)

k :

ratio coefficient

T l :

motor load (N·m)

R si, R ri :

stator and rotor winding resistance (Ω)

P m, P s, P cu, P Fe :

friction loss, stray loss, cooper loss and iron loss (W)

I smax :

maximum phase current (A)

i sd_rate :

d-axis rated current of stator (A)

i sqmax :

maximum q-axis current in stator (A)

\(\sigma = 1 - \frac{{L_m^2}}{{{L_1}{L_s}}}\) :

eakage coefficient

U max :

maximum allowed voltage (V)

L s :

stator inductance (H)

P fm :

mechanical power loss caused by the motored front powertrain system (W)

K 2 :

ratio of stator resistance in front motor to that in rear one

K 3 :

ratio of rotor resistance in front motor to that in rear one

i d, i q :

excitation current and torque current of motor (A)

T sw’:

corrected switching torque (N·m)

T sw_ref :

reference value of the switching torque (N·m)

K 2’ and K 3’:

temperature correction coefficients

f_:

front powertrain system

r_:

rear powertrain system

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China

    Binbin Sun, Song Gao, Chao Ma & Junwei Li

Authors
  1. Binbin Sun
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  2. Song Gao
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  3. Chao Ma
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  4. Junwei Li
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Correspondence to Chao Ma.

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Sun, B., Gao, S., Ma, C. et al. System power loss optimization of electric vehicle driven by front and rear induction motors. Int.J Automot. Technol. 19, 121–134 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0012-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0012-5

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