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Effect of Soil Temperature, Injection Depth, and Rate of Metam Sodium Efficacy in Fine-Textured Soils with High Organic Matter on the Management of Verticillium Wilt of Potato

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Abstract

Metam sodium is a widely used soil fumigant for Verticillium wilt management in most potato production regions of the United States. Environmental concerns regarding volatilization losses have led to restrictions on the use of metam sodium. The potato industry adapted to these restrictions by replacing metam sodium applications through sprinkler irrigation with shank injection applications of the fumigant. Previous research established parameters for effective shank application of metam sodium based on soil temperature, injection depth and rate of fumigation. However, these recommendations were based on research conducted under coarse-textured soil conditions with a low organic matter (OM) content (<1.3%). However, many potato production soils in North Dakota and Minnesota have a finer silt loam texture and OM contents of >2.5%. Therefore, it is important to know whether metam sodium fumigation recommendations for coarse-textured soils can be adapted to fine-textured soils. Two field trials were conducted using a split strip-block design for studying metam sodium efficacy in managing wilt. In both years, metam sodium injection depth and soil temperature at the time of injection did not result in significant differences in any study variable evaluated. All metam sodium fumigation rates significantly (P < 0.05), lowered Verticillium microsclerotia, reduced wilt severity, and improved tuber yield compared to non-treated plots. However, significant differences among fumigation rates were not observed across any variable evaluated. A relatively low rate of 373 l/ha is as effective as higher metam sodium rates for effective control of Verticillium wilt. Results presented here suggest that current metam sodium recommendations for shank injection applications in coarse-textured soils can be implemented in field soils with a fine texture and higher OM content.

Resumen

Metam sodio es un fumigante del suelo ampliamente utilizado para el manejo del marchitamiento por Verticillium en la mayoría de las regiones productoras de papa de los Estados Unidos. Las preocupaciones ambientales en relación a las pérdidas por volatilización han conducido a restricciones en el uso de Metam sodio. La industria de la papa se ha adaptado a estas restricciones mediante el reemplazo de las aplicaciones de este fumigante por la vía de riego por aspersión con aplicación por inyección de mango del producto. Investigaciones previas establecieron parámetros para aplicación efectiva de mango de metam sodio basada en la temperatura del suelo, profundidad de la inyección y el nivel de la fumigación. No obstante, estas recomendaciones se basaron en investigación llevada a cabo bajo condiciones de un suelo de textura gruesa, con un bajo contenido de materia orgánica (OM) (<1.3). No obstante, muchos suelos de producción de papa en Dakota del Norte y Minnesota tienen textura limosa más fina y contenidos de OM de >2.5%. De aquí que es importante saber si las recomendaciones de la fumigación con metam sodio para suelos de textura gruesa se pueden adaptar a los de textura fina. Se condujeron dos ensayos de campo utilizando un diseño de bloques divididos para estudiar la eficacia del metam sodio en el manejo de la marchites. En ambos años, la profundidad de la inyección del fumigante y la temperatura del suelo al momento de la inyección no resultó en diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables evaluadas del estudio. Todas las dosis de fumigación del metam sodio bajaron significativamente (P < 0.05) los microesclerocios de Verticillium, redujeron la severidad de la marchites y mejoraron el rendimiento de tubérculo en comparación con los lotes no tratados. No obstante, no se observaron diferencias significativas por los niveles de fumigación entre las variables evaluadas. Una dosis relativamente baja de 373 l/ha es tan efectiva como dosis más altas de metam sodio para un control efectivo de la marchites por Fusarium. Los resultados que aquí se presentan sugieren que las recomendaciones actuales de metam sodio para la aplicación por la inyección de mango en suelos de textura gruesa pueden implementarse en suelos del campo con textura fina y contenido de OM mas alto.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this research by RD Offutt, Co., Minnesota Area II Potato Growers Association, and AmVac, Inc. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Dean Peterson and Russell Benz.

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Correspondence to Neil C. Gudmestad.

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Yellareddygari, S.K.R., Gudmestad, N.C. Effect of Soil Temperature, Injection Depth, and Rate of Metam Sodium Efficacy in Fine-Textured Soils with High Organic Matter on the Management of Verticillium Wilt of Potato. Am. J. Potato Res. 95, 413–422 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-018-9641-5

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