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Optimizing Phosphorus Fertilizer Management in Potato Production

  • POTATO PHOSPHORUS SYMPOSIUM
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Abstract

Management of fertilizer phosphorus (P) is a critical component of potato production systems as potato has a relatively high P requirement and inefficiently uses soil P. Phosphorus promotes rapid canopy development, root cell division, tuber set, and starch synthesis. Adequate P is essential for optimizing tuber yield, solids content, nutritional quality, and resistance to some diseases. Although soil test P is the primary tool for assessing P fertilizer needs, in some areas petiole P analysis has been successfully utilized to guide in-season P applications. Potato has been shown in some studies to respond to fertilizer P at soil test levels considered very high for most other crops (100+ mg kg−1 Bray P1 or Mehlich I or III and 20+ mg kg−1 sodium bicarbonate) especially on medium- to finer-textured soils. Even on high-testing soils, fertilizer P rates for top yields sometimes exceed 150 kg P2O5 ha−1. In addition, many states/provinces continue to recommend half or more of the amount of P in the harvested portion of the crop irrespective of soil test P level. In most situations, few differences are expected among fertilizer P sources; however, high rates of diammonium phosphate (DAP) or urea-phosphate (UAP) should not be band-applied in contact or near the seed piece. Most research determined that fertilizer P was most efficiently used when band-applied at planting (e.g., 5 cm to each side of the seed piece); however, some western USA work on high-pH soils showed increased yields and petiole P levels with preplant broadcast applications. In-season applications with the irrigation water can be successful when the potato roots are sufficiently close to the soil surface; however, most research indicates that P applications are more effective when applied at planting or early in the season. Potato fertilizer phosphorus best management practices include: (1) apply the fertilizer P rate calibrated for local soils; (2) band-apply fertilizer P at least 5 cm from the seed piece, especially on very sandy soils or where DAP or UAP are used; (3) use petiole P tests to determine the need for in-season applications; (4) account for all P sources applied, including animal manures; and (5) utilize the best soil conservation practices to reduce P losses to surface waters.

Resumen

El manejo de fertilizantes fosforados (P) es un componente crítico de los sistemas de producción de papa, ya que la papa tiene un requerimiento relativamente alto de P y usa ineficientemente el P del suelo. El fósforo promueve desarrollo rápido del follaje, división celular en la raíz, tuberización y síntesis de almidón. El fósforo adecuado es esencial para optimizar rendimiento de tubérculo, contenido de sólidos, calidad nutricional y resistencia a algunas enfermedades. Aun cuando la prueba de P en el suelo es la herramienta primaria para analizar las necesidades de fertilizante de P, en algunas áreas el análisis del P en el pecíolo se ha utilizado con éxito para guiar las aplicaciones de P durante la temporada. Se ha demostrado en algunos estudios que la papa responde al fertilizante de P en pruebas a nivel del suelo considerada muy alta para la mayoría de otros cultivos (100+ mg kg−1 Bray P1 o Mehlinch I o III y 20+ mg kg−1 bicarbonato de sodio) especialmente en suelos con texturas medias o más finas. Aun en suelos de altas pruebas, los niveles de fertilizante fosforado para máximos rendimientos exceden algunas veces 150 kg P2O5 ha−1. Además, muchos estados/provincias continúan recomendando la mitad o más de la cantidad de P en la porción cosechada del cultivo independientemente del nivel de pruebas en el suelo. En la mayoría de las situaciones se esperarían pocas diferencias entre las fuentes de P en los fertilizantes; no obstante, altos niveles de fosfato diamonico (DAP) o urea-fosfato (UAP) no deberían de aplicarse en bandas en contacto o cerca de la pieza de semilla. La mayoría de las investigaciones determinaron que el fertilizante fosforado se usaba más eficientemente cuando se aplicaba en banda al momento de la siembra (por ejemplo, a 5 cm a cada lado de la pieza de la semilla); no obstante, algún trabajo al oeste de los EUA en suelos de pH alto mostró aumento de rendimientos y de niveles de P en el pecíolo en aplicaciones amplias pre-siembra. Las aplicaciones durante el ciclo de crecimiento en el agua de riego pudieran ser útiles cuando las raíces de la papa están lo suficientemente cerca a la superficie del suelo; sin embargo, la mayoría de las investigaciones indica que las aplicaciones de P son más efectivas cuando se hacen al momento de la siembra o temprano durante el ciclo. Las mejores prácticas de manejo de fertilizantes fosforados incluyen: (1) aplicar el nivel de fertilizante de P calibrado para suelos locales; (2) aplicar el fertilizante fosforado en bandas por lo menos a 5 cm de la pieza de semilla, especialmente en suelos muy arenosos o en donde se usen DAP o UAP; (3) use pruebas del P en el pecíolo para determinar la necesidad de aplicaciones en pleno ciclo del cultivo; (4) tomar en cuenta las cantidades de todas las fuentes de P aplicadas, incluyendo estiércoles; y (5) utilizar las mejores prácticas de conservación del suelo para reducir pérdidas de P en aguas superficiales.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA

    Carl J. Rosen

  2. Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Keith A. Kelling

  3. Idaho Falls R&E Center, University of Idaho, 1776 Science Center Dr., Suite 205, Idaho Falls, ID, 83402, USA

    Jeffery C. Stark

  4. Plant, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA

    Gregory A. Porter

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Correspondence to Keith A. Kelling.

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Rosen, C.J., Kelling, K.A., Stark, J.C. et al. Optimizing Phosphorus Fertilizer Management in Potato Production. Am. J. Potato Res. 91, 145–160 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-014-9371-2

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