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The Ligule in Poaceae: a Historical and Evolutionary Review

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Abstract

Ligules are classified, predominantly, on their position and morphology, which are still without a consensus as to their nature and diversity in an evolutionary context in Poaceae. Based on a broad review of this structure, we have identified five hypotheses for the definition of ligules, originating between the years 1800 and 1834; some of these hypotheses are still valid today. Our results also demonstrate that 95.28% of the family representatives have homoligulate ventral ligules and 1.75% have heteroligulate ventral ligules, with Panicoideae being the subfamily with the greatest morphological diversity of ligules. Dorsal and culm leaf ligules occur mainly in Puelioideae and Bambusoideae (except in Olyreae), and may occasionally occur in Pooideae, Panicoideae and Chloridoideae. Although homoligulate and ciliate ventral ligules are ancestral states in the Poaceae, several reversals occurred within the subfamilies so that the eciliate membrane type is more common (especially in the BOP clade).

Resumo

Lígulas são classificadas, predominantemente, por sua posição e morfologia, todavia ainda não tem um concenso quanto à natureza e diversidade em um contexto evolutivo em Poaceae. Com base em uma ampla revisão desta estrutura, identificamos cinco hipóteses para a definição de ligulas, originadas entre os anos de 1800 e 1834; algumas destas hipóteses ainda são válidas hoje. Nossos resultados também demonstram que 95,28% dos representantes da família têm ligulas ventrais homoliguladas e 1,75% têm ligulas ventrais heteroliguladas, sendo Panicoideae a subfamília com a maior diversidade morfológica de ligulas. As lígulas dorsais e das folhas do colmo ocorrem principalmente em Puelioideae e Bambusoideae (exceto em Olyreae), e podem ocasionalmente ocorrer em Pooideae, Panicoideae e Chloridoideae. Embora as lígulas ventrais homoliguladas e ciliadas sejam considerados estados ancestrais nas Poaceae, várias reversões ocorreram dentro das subfamílias, de modo que o tipo membrano é mais comum (especialmente no clade do BOP).

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Acknowledgements

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Renato de Mello-Silva for his enthusiasm in the development of this research and his contributions to the systematics of Monocotyledons.

Funding

This study was financially supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, Process 2019/15195–8 to GFMP); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Productivity Grant Process 303962/2019–4 to GFMP and 170871/2017–7 to BEC).

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  1. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil

    Bruno Edson-Chaves & Gladys Flávia de A. Melo-de-Pinna

  2. Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras de Iguatu, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dário Rabelo s/n, Iguatu, Ceará, 63500-000, Brazil

    Bruno Edson-Chaves

  3. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo Jardim Botânico, Herbário SP, Avenida Miguel Stéfano 3687, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04045-972, Brazil

    Otávio Luis M. da Silva

  4. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Lynn G. Clark

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Edson-Chaves, B., da Silva, O.L.M., Clark, L.G. et al. The Ligule in Poaceae: a Historical and Evolutionary Review. Bot. Rev. 89, 19–58 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-022-09285-3

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