Abstract
The tuna fish processing industry produces more than 50% of waste and by-products (scales, head, viscera, etc.) that are usually discarded or used to produce low added value products such as fish meals. However, these waste materials still contain molecules essential for the human diet, such as essential metals, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins of high nutritional value. The re-use of such wastes for the production of dietary supplements for human consumption would perfectly fit with the concept of Blue Economy, defined as the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of the ocean ecosystem. Moreover, waste product revenue will be a key factor in maintaining long-term profitability of industrial food processing. In this work, the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) was used as a model for fish processing by-products, as it is a large epipelagic species widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters of the major oceans. The determination of heavy metals and histamine is an essential control point for the re-utilization of the wastes. Then, they must be monitored in all the processes leading to the formulation of new high-quality products. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and a fast gas chromatographic–mass spectrometry methods were validated and applied for the determination of metals and histamine and amino acids, respectively. In particular, both essential and heavy metals and histamine and amino acids were quantified in tuna fish by-products. The presence of essential metals and essential amino acids in the analyzed samples represents the strength point of the proposed model, which aims to valorize by-products and reduce the disposal of wastes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Not applicable.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
Altieri I, Semeraro A, Scalise F, Calderari I, Stacchini P (2016) European official control of food: determination of histamine in fish products by a HPLC-UV-DAD method. Food Chem 211:694–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.111
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917. https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
Blomsma F (2018) Collective “action recipes” in a circular economy - on waste and resource management frameworks and their role in collective change. J Clean Prod 199:969–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.145
Bogden JD, Klevay ML (2000) Clinical nutrition of the essential trace elements and rninerals: the guide for health professionals. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-040-7
Braddon-Galloway S, Sumpter CR (1986) A unique selenoprotein isolated from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) liver. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 83(1):13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(86)90005-8
Cabañero AI, Madrid Y, Cámara C (2007) Mercury–selenium species ratio in representative fish samples and their bioaccessibility by an in vitro digestion method. Biol Trace Elem Res 119:195–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-007-8007-5
Commission Recommendation (EU) 2015/1381 of 10 August 2015 on the monitoring of arsenic in food
Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs
Commission Regulation (EC) No 629/2008 of 2 July 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1170/2009 of 30 November 2009 amending Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of Council and Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the lists of vitamin and minerals and their forms that can be added to foods, including food supplements
Commission Regulation (EU) 574/2011 of 16 June 2011 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum levels for nitrite, melamine, Ambrosia spp. and carry-over of certain coccidiostats and histomonostats and consolidating Annexes I and II thereto
Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1006 of 25 June 2015 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of inorganic arsenic in foodstuffs
EFSA (2014) Scientific report on dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population. EFSA J 12(3):3597
Eurachem Guide (2014) The fitness for purpose of analytical. Methods, 2nd Ed.
FAO/WHO/UNU (2007) Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO Press
Genchi G, Carocci A, Lauria G, Sinicropi MS, Catalano A (2020) Nickel: human health and environmental toxicology. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(3):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030679
Guérin T, Chekri R, Vastel C, Sirot V, Volatier J, Leblanc J, Noël L (2011) Determination of 20 trace elements in fish and other seafood from French market. Food Chem 127:934–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.061
Halket JM, Waterman D, Przyborowska AM, Patel RKP, Fraser PD, Bramley PM (2005) Chemical derivatization and mass spectral libraries in metabolic profiling by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. J Exp Botany 56(410):219–243. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri069
Hosseini SV, Sobhanardakani S, Miandare HK, Harsij M, Regenstein JM (2015) Determination of toxic (Pb, cd) and essential (Zn, Mn) metals in canned tuna fish produced in Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng 13:59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-015-0215-x
Hušek P (1998) Chloroformates in gas chromatography as general purpose derivatizing agents. J Chrom B 717:57–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00136-4
IARC (The International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2012) Nickel and nickel compounds. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk Hum 100C:169–218
Irino Y, Toh R, Nagao M, Mori T, Honjo T, Shinohara M, Tsuda S, Nakajima H, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Shinke T, Tanaka H, Ishida T, Miyata O, Hirata K (2016) 2-Aminobutyric acid modulates glutathione homeostasis in the myocardium. Sci Rep 6:36749. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36749
Karmi M (2014) Determination of histamine and tyramine levels in canned salted fish by using HPLC. Global Veterinaria 12(2):264269. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.02.82205
Kaspar H, Dettmer K, Gronwald W, Oefner PJ (2008) Automated GC–MS analysis of free amino acids in biological fluids. J Chrom B 870:222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.018
Kerkut GA, Piggott SM, Walker RJ (1975) The antagonist effect of alpha-amino-pimelic acid on glutamate-induced inhibitions of Helix neurons. Brain Res 86(1):139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(75)90646-0
Koutsoumanis K, Lampropoulou K, Nychas GE (1999) Biogenic amines and sensory changes associated with the microbial flora of Mediterranean gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) stored aerobically at 0, 8, and 15°C. J Food Prot 62(4):398–402. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-62.4.398
Kovacova-Hanuskova E, Buday T, Gavliakova S, Plevkova J (2015) Histamine, histamine intoxication and intolerance. Allergol Immunopathol 43(5):498-506 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.Aller.2015.05.001
Kritikos N, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Loukas YL, Dotsikas Y (2015) Liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry based quantitative structure–retention relationships of amino acid analogues derivatized via n-propyl chloroformate mediated reaction. J Chrom A 1403:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.028
Li L, Yang X (2018) The essential element manganese, oxidative stress, and metabolic diseases: links and interactions. Oxid med cell Longev 7580707. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7580707
Lubec B, Hjelm M, Hoeger H, Gialamas J, Lubec G (1997) 4-Thiaproline reduces heart lipid peroxidation and collagen accumulation in the diabetic db/db mouse. Amino Acids 12:343–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01373014
Mehri A (2020) Trace elements in human nutrition (II) - an update. Int J Prev Med 11:2. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_48_19
Micalizzi G, Ragosta E, Farnetti S, Dugo P, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L, Rigano F (2020) Rapid and miniaturized qualitative and quantitative gas chromatography profiling of human blood total fatty acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 412:2327–2337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02424-y
Miller JC, Miller JN (1993) Statistics for analytical chemistry, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Nielsen SP (2004) The biological role of strontium. Bone 35:583–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026
Oña-Ruales JO, Ruiz-Morales Y, Wise SA (2016) Identification and quantification of seven fused aromatic rings C26H14 peri-condensed benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar. J Chromatogr A 1442:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.082
Pauli G (2010) The blue economy: 10 years, 100 innovations, 100 million jobs. Paradigm Publications, Boulder
Piersanti A, Tavoloni T, Lestingi C, Galarini R (2014) High-throughput histamine analysis approach in an official control laboratory: analytical methods and four years fish products results. Food Chem 153:437–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.095
Rigano F, Arigò A, Oteri M, La Tella R, Dugo P, Mondello L (2021a) The retention index approach in liquid chromatography: an historical review and recent advances. J Chrom A 2021:461963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461963
Rigano F, Arena P, Mangraviti D, Donnarumma D, Dugo P, Donato P, Mondello L, Micalizzi P (2021b) Identification of high-value generating molecules from the wastes of tuna fishery industry by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography hyphenated techniques with automated sample preparation. J Sep Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202100108
Rigano F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L (2019) High-performance liquid chromatography combined with electron ionization mass spectrometry: a review. Trends Analyt Chem 118:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.032
Roberts LD, Boström P, O’Sullivan JF, Schinzel RT, Lewis GD, Dejam A et al (2014) β-Aminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic β-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Cell Metab 19(1):96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.003
Russo R, Lo Voi A, De Simone A, Serpe FP, Anastasio A, Pepe T, Cacace D, Severino L (2013) Heavy metals in canned tuna from Italian markets. J Food Prot 76(2):355–359. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-346
Sarojnalini C, Abdul H (2019) Fish as an important functional food for quality life. IntechOpen 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81947
Sayana KS, Sirajudheen TK (2017) By-products from tuna processing wastes-an economic approach to coastal waste management. Proceedings of the international seminar on coastal biodiversity assessment 411-420
Schirone M, Visciano P, Tofalo R, Suzzi G (2016) Histamine food poisoning In: Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_54
Schubert P, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA (2003) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 300 and 302 in environmental-matrix standard reference materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 75:234–246. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0259111
Sciarrone D, Giuffrida D, Rotondo A, Micalizzi G, Zoccali M, Pantò S, Donato P, Rodrigues-das-Dores RG, Mondello L (2017) Quali-quantitative characterization of the volatile constituents in Cordia verbenacea D.C. essential oil exploiting advanced chromatographic approaches and NMR analysis. J Chrom A 1524:246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.007
Sugino T, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kajimoto O (2008) L-ornithine supplementation attenuates physical fatigue in healthy volunteers by modulating lipid and amino acid metabolism. Nutr Res 28(11):738–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2008.08.008
Taleshi MS, Jensen KB, Raber G, Edmonds JS, Gunnlaugsdottirc H, Francesconi KA (2008) Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons: natural compounds in oil from the fish capelin, Mallotus villosus. Chem Commun 39:4706–4707. https://doi.org/10.1039/B808049F
Taleshi MS, Edmonds JS, Goessler W, Ruiz-Chancho MJ, Raber G, Jensen KB, Francesconi KA (2010) Arsenic-containing lipids are natural constituents of sashimi tuna. Environ Sci Technol 44:1478–1483. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9030358
Taleshi MS, Raber G, Edmonds JS, Jensen KB, Francesconi KA (2014a) Arsenolipids in oil from blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou – evidence for arsenic-containing esters. Sci Rep 4:7492. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07492
Taleshi MS, Seidler-Egdal RK, Jensen KB, Schwerdtle T, Francesconi KA (2014) Synthesis and characterization of arsenolipids: naturally occurring arsenic compounds in fish and algae. Organometallics 33:1397–1403. https://doi.org/10.1021/om4011092
Tessari P, Lante A, Mosca G (2016) Essential amino acids: master regulators of nutrition and environmental footprint? Sci Rep 6:26074. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26074
Thiry C, Ruttens A, De Temmerman L, Schneider Y, Pussemier L (2012) Current knowledge in species-related bioavailability of selenium in food. Food Chem 130:767–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.102
Villas-Bôas SG, Gutierrez Delicado D, Åkesson M, Nielsen J (2003) Simultaneous analysis of amino and nonamino organic acids as methyl chloroformate derivatives using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 322:134–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.018
Wang TJ, Ngo D, Psychogios N, Dejam A, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Ghorbani A, O’Sullivan J, Cheng S, Rhee EP, Sinha S, McCabe E, Fox CS, O’Donnell CJ, Ho JE, Florez JC, Magnusson M, Pierce KA, Souza AL, Yu Y, Carter C, Light PE, Melander O, Clish CB, Gerszten RE (2013) 2-Aminoadipic acid is a biomarker for diabetes risk. J Clin Invest 123(10):4309–4317. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI64801
Williams BJ, Cameron CJ, Workman R, Broeckling CD, Summer LW, Smith JT (2007) Amino acid profiling in plant cell cultures: an inter-laboratory comparison of CE-MS and GC-MS. Electrophoresis 28:1371–1379. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200600609
Yamashita Y, Yabu T, Yamashita M (2010) Discovery of the strong antioxidant selenoneine in tuna and selenium redox metabolism. World J Biol Chem 1(5):144–150. https://doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v1.i5.144
Yeyanran G, Qiang Z (2016) Literature review: the green economy, clean energy policy and employment. Energy Procedia 88:257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.159
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Merck Life Science and Shimadzu Corporations for the continuous support.
Funding
This study was supported by Bando “HORIZON 2020” PON I&C 2014–2020, project number F/050347/01–03/X32.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors (1) made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; (2) drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content; and (3) approved the version to be published.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
Danilo Donnarumma declares that he has no conflict of interest. Roberta La Tella declares that she has no conflict of interest. Federica Vento declares that she has no conflict of interest. Tania Maria Grazia Salerno declares that she has no conflict of interest. Giuseppe Micalizzi declares that he has no conflict of interest. Francesca Rigano declares that she has no conflict of interest. Luigi Mondello declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Donnarumma, D., La Tella, R., Vento, F. et al. Evaluation of the Level of Toxic Contaminants and Essential Molecules in the Context of the Re-Use of Tuna Fishery Industry by-Products. Food Anal. Methods 14, 2161–2174 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02045-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02045-w