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Analysis of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Cheese Samples Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

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Abstract

Simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of five endocrine disrupting compounds including di-butyl phthalate, di-iso-nonyl phthalates, di-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-ethylhexyl adipate, and bisphenol A from cheese have been developed using pressurized liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. In this method, initially, the analytes are extracted into a water-miscible extraction solvent (acetone) at high pressure (1000 psi) and temperature (70 °C) in the presence of carbon tetrachloride as a modifier. After extraction, a volume of the organic phase is removed and dispersed into deionized water. The cloudy solution was centrifuged, and the sedimented phase is used in analysis. Efficient parameters were optimized using one-parameter-at-one-time strategy, and low limits of detection and quantification in the ranges of 0.82–3.1 and 2.8–10 ng g−1 were obtained, respectively. Relative standard deviations lower than 8% show an acceptable precision for the present method. The enrichment factors and extraction recoveries in the ranges of 259–319 and 78–96% were achieved, respectively. Lastly, some real samples were analyzed and di-butyl phthalate and di-ethylhexyl phthalate were found in them.

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Abbreviations

EDC:

Endocrine-disrupting compounds

LPME:

Liquid-phase microextraction

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

PLE:

Pressurized liquid extraction

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

DAD:

Diode array detector

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Funding

Jalil Khandaghi has received research grants from Sarab Branch of Islamic Azad University. This work received financial support from the Research Council of the Sarab Branch of Islamic Azad University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Sarab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarab, Iran

    Behnam Pil-Bala & Jalil Khandaghi

  2. Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

  3. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

Authors
  1. Behnam Pil-Bala
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  2. Jalil Khandaghi
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  3. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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Correspondence to Jalil Khandaghi.

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Behnam Pil Bala declares that he has no conflict of interest. Jalil Khandaghi declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Pil-Bala, B., Khandaghi, J. & Afshar Mogaddam, M. Analysis of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Cheese Samples Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Food Anal. Methods 12, 1604–1611 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01487-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01487-7

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