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Who are the enforcers? The motives and methods of muscle for hire in West Scotland and the West Midlands

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Abstract

Enforcement, ranging from threats to intimidation to assault to homicide, has long been an established practice within criminal networks. However, comparatively little academic research exists about the nature and role of enforcers within and beyond the context of contract killings. Drawing on qualitative interviews with criminal enforcers from two contrasting sites within the UK—the West Scotland and the West Midlands—the current study examines the articulated, identifiable pathways into criminal enforcement. Also it examines the nuanced nature of enforcement and the roles those men commonly adopt within the context of organised crime, as well as the relationship between these men’s activity, the wider context of organised crime, and presence of social and cultural capital within it. This article provides insights into how one becomes an enforcer; how contact is made between all parties involved; the degree of planning involved; and costing arrangements, with important implications for research and practice.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, B4 7BD, Birmingham, UK

    Mohammed Rahman

  2. Division of Social Sciences, School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK

    Robert McLean & Ross Deuchar

  3. School of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Metropolitan State University, Campus, Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55445, USA

    James Densley

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  1. Mohammed Rahman
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  2. Robert McLean
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  3. Ross Deuchar
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  4. James Densley
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Correspondence to Mohammed Rahman.

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Rahman, M., McLean, R., Deuchar, R. et al. Who are the enforcers? The motives and methods of muscle for hire in West Scotland and the West Midlands. Trends Organ Crim 25, 108–129 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-020-09382-y

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