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Network Constrained Spatio-Temporal Hotspot Mapping of Crimes in Faisalabad

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Abstract

The Network Kernel Density Estimation (NetKDE) is a useful tool for visualization of point events over a network space, but it lacks in expressing the statistical significance of the mapped phenomenon. In this paper, we discuss the network hotspot detection of street crimes by integrating the NetKDE and the Getis-Ord GI* statistics. We selected four types of network-constrained crimes, i.e., bike theft, car theft, robbery, and snatching. The NetKDE is a useful technique to study the patterns of crimes bounded by the road networks. We used the Spatial Analysis along Networks (SANET) tools for computing the Network Kernel Density Estimation (NetKDE) and utilized the results of the NetKDE as input values for computing the Getis-Ord GI* statistics. The combination of these two methods can detect the network-constrained hotspots that are statistically significant. We also performed the network K-function, the extension of the Ripley’s K-function on networks. The network K-function analysis displays the significant clustering of crime events at different scales. Results demonstrated that the intensity of street crimes are strongly concentrated in the central part of the city. Moreover, the results reflected that the functional nature of different urban land use affects the frequency of crime events. Various urban land uses such as commercial, residential and industrial area seemed to influence the distribution of different types of crimes. The hotspot analysis has real potential, impacting the police patrolling protocols. The methods presented in this study suggest that there is a need to distinguish the planar and network hotspots and crime prevention policies could be enacted according to the type of hotspots.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful for the Citizen Police Liaison Committee Faisalabad, SSP Operations Faisalabad City Police Department and City Police Officer Faisalabad for their generous help and providing the crimes data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Shoaib Khalid, Fariha Shoaib, Tianlu Qian, Yikang Rui & Jiechen Wang

  2. Department of Geography, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Shoaib Khalid, Fariha Shoaib, Muhammad Sajjad & Muhammad Shakeel

  3. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Yikang Rui & Jiechen Wang

  4. Global Development Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Arezu Imran Bari

  5. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 200023, China

    Jiechen Wang

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  1. Shoaib Khalid
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  8. Jiechen Wang
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Correspondence to Jiechen Wang.

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Khalid, S., Shoaib, F., Qian, T. et al. Network Constrained Spatio-Temporal Hotspot Mapping of Crimes in Faisalabad. Appl. Spatial Analysis 11, 599–622 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-017-9230-x

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