Abstract
Genetic factors play a major role in the etiopathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the CDH13 (rs6565113, rs11150556) and LPHN3 (rs6551665, rs6858066, rs1947274, rs2345039) gene polymorphisms and ADHD. We also sought to examine possible relationships between these polymorphisms and the clinical course and treatment response in ADHD. A total of 120 patients (79% boys), aged 6 to 18 years, newly diagnosed (medication-naïve) with ADHD according to the DSM-5 and a group of 126 controls (74% girls) were enrolled in the study. We examined the association between the aforementioned polymorphisms and ADHD. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate factors influencing the treatment response of ADHD. A significant difference was found between ADHD and control groups in terms of genotype distribution of the LPHN3 rs6551665 and rs1947274 polymorphisms. The results also showed that having the GG genotype of rs6551665 and CC genotype of rs1947274 of the LPHN3 gene was associated with risk for ADHD, and this relationship was more prominent in male participants. In the multivariate logistic regression model established with variables shown to have a significant relationship with treatment response, the presence of the GG genotype of the LPHN3 rs6551665 polymorphism and high severity of ADHD assessed by CGI-S were associated with poor response to treatment. This study is the first study to investigate the relationship between ADHD and these polymorphisms among Turkish adolescents. Our results imply that the LPHN3 rs6551665 and rs1947274 polymorphisms have a significant effect on ADHD in a Turkish population, and support previous observations that the presence of the GG genotype of the LPHN3 rs6551665 polymorphism may be associated with poor response to treatment in ADHD.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Gazi University Scientific Research Projects Department and the children and their families for participating in the study on a voluntary basis.
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This research was supported by Gazi University Scientific Research Projects (project code no: 01/2018-17, 2018).
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study procedure was reviewed and approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Keçiören Training and Research Hospital in accordance with the article 2012- KAEK-15/1580 dated 10.01.2018.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The funding sources had no role in the study design, in the interpretation of data, or in the writing of the manuscript.
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Özaslan, A., Güney, E., Ergün, M.A. et al. CDH13 and LPHN3 Gene Polymorphisms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Their Relation to Clinical Characteristics. J Mol Neurosci 71, 394–408 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-020-01662-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-020-01662-0