Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (zinc, iron, manganese) bound PM2.5 in the indoor air of urban schools: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Published:
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) bound to PM2.5 can cause various health effects, including cardiovascular disease, allergies, and other related diseases. There have been several studies on the concentration of PTEs, including zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) bound PM2.5 in the indoor air of urban schools. In this study, the concentration of Zn, Fe, and Mn in the indoor air of schools bound PM2.5 were meta-analyzed. PubMed and Scopus were used to retrieve papers related to the concentration of PTEs bound PM2.5 in the indoor air of urban schools from January 1, 2000 to March 10, 2020. The concentration of PTEs in PM2.5 was meta-analyzed based on the country subgroup in the random-effects model (REM). Thirty papers with 25 data reports were included in the study. The rank order of PTEs bound PM2.5 was Zn (17.32 ng/m3) > Fe (14.49 ng/m3) > Mn (7.40 ng/m3). The rank order of countries based on the concentration of Fe-bound PM2.5 in the indoor air of urban schools was China > Poland > Italy > Spain > Taiwan > Turkey > Iran) > Chile; Zn, Poland > Iran > Taiwan > Turkey > Spain > Italy > Chile; and for Mn, Poland > China > Iran > Taiwan > Spain > Italy > Chile. The pooled concentration of PTEs (Fe, Mn, and Zn) bound PM2.5 in the indoor air of urban schools in Poland and China was higher than in other countries, hence, therefore, it is recommended to carry out a PM2.5 concentration reduction program in the indoor air of schools in these countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data openly available in a public repository.

References

  • Abdel-Salam MM (2019) Investigation of indoor air quality at urban schools in Qatar. Indoor Built Environ 28:278–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amato F, Rivas I, Viana M, Moreno T, Bouso L, Reche C, Àlvarez-Pedrerol M, Alastuey A, Sunyer J, Querol X (2014) Sources of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in primary schools. Sci Total Environ 490:757–765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aranega JP, Oliveira CA (2022) Occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures: a systematic review. Qual Assurance Safety Crops Foods 14:135–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arruti A, Fernández-Olmo I, Irabien A (2010) Evaluation of the contribution of local sources to trace metals levels in urban PM2.5 and PM10 in the Cantabria region (Northern Spain). J Environ Monitor 12:1451–1458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bi D, Qiu Y, Cheng H, Zhou Q, Liu X, Chen J, Cui X, Liu M, Zhu Z (2018) Seasonal characteristics of indoor and outdoor fine particles and their metallic compositions in Nanjing, China. Build Environ 137:118–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canha N, Almeida SM, Freitas MdC, Trancoso M, Sousa A, Mouro F, Wolterbeek HT (2014) Particulate matter analysis in indoor environments of urban and rural primary schools using passive sampling methodology. Atmos Environ 83:21–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castilla JC, Nealler E (1978) Marine environmental impact due to mining activities of El Salvador copper mine, Chile. Mar Pollut Bull 9:67–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cesari D, Contini D, Genga A, Siciliano M, Elefante C, Baglivi F, Daniele L (2012) Analysis of raw soils and their re-suspended PM10 fractions: characterisation of source profiles and enrichment factors. Appl Geochem 27:1238–1246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen F, Aqeel M, Maqsood MF, Khalid N, Irshad MK, Ibrahim M, Akhter N, Afzaal M, Ma J, Hashem M (2022a) Mitigation of lead toxicity in Vigna radiata genotypes by silver nanoparticles. Environ Pollut 308:119606

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, He X, Ge J, Fan G, Zhang L, Parvez AM, Wang G (2022b) Controllable fabrication of nanofibrillated cellulose supported HKUST-1 hierarchically porous membranes for highly efficient removal of formaldehyde in air. Ind Crops Prod 186:115269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chithra V, Nagendra SS (2014) Seasonal trends of indoor particulate matter concentrations in a naturally ventilated school building. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 183:341–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Contini D, Cesari D, Donateo A, Chirizzi D, Belosi F (2014): Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and their metals content in different typologies of sites in south-eastern Italy. Atmosphere 5

  • De Souza C, Khaneghah AM, Oliveira CAF (2021) The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in industrial and traditional fermented milk: a systematic review study. Ital J Food Sci 33:12–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Gilio A, Farella G, Marzocca A, Giua R, Assennato G, Tutino M, de Gennaro G (2017a) Indoor/outdoor air quality assessment at school near the steel plant in Taranto (Italy). Adv Meteorol 2017:1526209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Gilio A, Farella G, Marzocca A, Giua R, Assennato G, Tutino M, De Gennaro G (2017b): Indoor/outdoor air quality assessment at school near the steel plant in Taranto (Italy). Adv Meteorol 2017b

  • Ekmekcioglu D, Keskin SS (2007) Characterization of indoor air particulate matter in selected elementary schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Indoor Built Environ 16:169–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ergenekon P, Ulutaş K (2014) Heavy metal content of total suspended air particles in the heavily industrialized town of Gebze, Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92:90–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang G-C, Chang C-N, Chu C-C, Wu Y-S, Fu PP-C, Yang IL, Chen M-H (2003) Characterization of particulate, metallic elements of TSP, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 aerosols at a farm sampling site in Taiwan Taichung. Sci Total Environ 308:157–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang G-C, Chiang H-C, Chen Y-C, Xiao Y-F, Zhuang Y-J (2014) Particulates and metallic elements monitoring at two sampling sites (Harbor, Airport) in Taiwan. Environ Forensics 15:296–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang G-C, Chen Y-C, Lo C-T, Cho M-H, Zhuang Y-J, Tsai K-H, Huang C-Y, Xiao Y-F (2018) Concentrations and analysis of health risks of ambient air metallic elements at Longjing site in central Taiwan. Environ Geochem Health 40:461–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang GC, Huang YL, Huang JH, Liu CK (2012) Dry deposition of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu and Pb in particles of sizes of 3 μm, 5.6 μm and 10 μm in central Taiwan. J Hazard Mater 203–204:158–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gali NK, Yang F, Jiang SY, Chan KL, Sun L, Ho K-f, Ning Z (2015) Spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of atmospheric particles induced reactive oxygen species in urban areas and the role of water-soluble metals. Environ Pollut 198:86–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao L, Huang X, Wang P, Chen Z, Hao Q, Bai S, Tang S, Li C, Qin D (2022) Concentrations and health risk assessment of 24 residual heavy metals in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Qual Assurance Safety Crops Foods 14:82–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghozikali MG, Ansarin K, Naddafi K, Nodehi RN, Yaghmaeian K, Hassanvand MS, Kashani H, Jaafari J, Atafar Z, Faraji M (2018) Short-term effects of particle size fractions on lung function of late adolescents. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:21822–21832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gidhagen L, Kahelin H, Schmidt-Thomé P, Johansson C (2002) Anthropogenic and natural levels of arsenic in PM10 in Central and Northern Chile. Atmos Environ 36:3803–3817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halek F, Kavousi A, Hassani F (2009) Evaluation of indoor-outdoor particle size distribution in Tehran’s elementary schools. World Acad of Sci Eng and Tech 57:463–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S, Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Momeniha F, Gholampour A, Arhami M, Kashani H, Zare A (2015a) Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Sci Total Environ 527:100–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S, Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Momeniha F, Gholampour A, Arhami M, Kashani H, Zare A, Niazi S, Rastkari N, Nazmara S, Ghani M, Yunesian M (2015b) Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Sci Total Environ 527–528:100–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins J, White IR, Anzures-Cabrera J (2008) Meta-analysis of skewed data: combining results reported on log-transformed or raw scales. Stat Med 27:6072–6092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JPT, Green S (2011) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley

  • Huang B-F, Chang Y-C, Han A-L, Hsu H-T (2018) Metal composition of ambient PM2.5 influences the pulmonary function of schoolchildren: a case study of school located nearby of an electric arc furnace factory. Toxicol Ind Health 34:253–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorquera H, Barraza F (2013) Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in a desert region in northern Chile. Sci Total Environ 444:327–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu G, Nie R, Liu Y, Mehmood A (2022a) Combined antimicrobial effect of bacteriocins with other hurdles of physicochemic and microbiome to prolong shelf life of food: a review. Sci Total Environ 154058

  • Liu J, Chen Y, Wang X (2022b) Factors driving waste sorting in construction projects in China. J Clean Prod 336:130397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Tian J, Zheng W, Yin L (2022c) Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of haze and pollution particles in China based on spatial statistics. Urban Climate 41:101031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina M, Andrade S, Faugeron S, Lagos N, Mella D, Correa JA (2005) Biodiversity of rocky intertidal benthic communities associated with copper mine tailing discharges in northern Chile. Mar Pollut Bull 50:396–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mesías Monsalve S, Martínez L, Yohannessen Vásquez K, Alvarado Orellana S, Klarián Vergara J, Martín Mateo M, Costilla Salazar R, Fuentes Alburquenque M, Cáceres Lillo DD (2018a) Trace element contents in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in urban school microenvironments near a contaminated beach with mine tailings, Chañaral. Chile Environ Geochem Health 40:1077–1091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesías Monsalve S, Martínez L, Yohannessen Vásquez K, Alvarado Orellana S, Klarián Vergara J, Martín Mateo M, Costilla Salazar R, Fuentes Alburquenque M, Cáceres Lillo DD (2018b) Trace element contents in fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in urban school microenvironments near a contaminated beach with mine tailings, Chañaral. Chile Environ Geochem Health 40:1077–1091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadyan M, Alizadeh Larimi A, Etemadinejad S, Yosefinejad R (2013) Respirable particle concentrations in primary schools’ classrooms in Sari. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 23:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadyan M, Alizadeh-Larimi A, Etemadinejad S, Latif MT, Heibati B, Yetilmezsoy K, Abdul-Wahab SA, Dadvand P (2017) Particulate air pollution at schools: indoor-outdoor relationship and determinants of indoor concentrations. Aerosol Air Qual Res 17:857–864

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naderizadeh Z, Khademi H, Ayoubi S (2016) Biomonitoring of atmospheric heavy metals pollution using dust deposited on date palm leaves in southwestern Iran. Atmósfera 29:141–155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neary DG, Garcia-Chevesich P (2008) Hydrology and erosion impacts of mining derived coastal sand dunes, Chañaral Bay. Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Chile

    Google Scholar 

  • Norouzi S, Khademi H, Ayoubi S, Cano AF, Acosta JA (2017) Seasonal and spatial variations in dust deposition rate and concentrations of dust-borne heavy metals, a case study from Isfahan, central Iran. Atmos Pollut Res 8:686–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastuszka JS, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Zajusz-Zubek E (2010) Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and associated heavy metals at the crossroads and urban background site in Zabrze, Upper Silesia, Poland, during the smog episodes. Environ Monit Assess 168:613–627

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quan Q, Liang W, Yan D, Lei J (2022) Influences of joint action of natural and social factors on atmospheric process of hydrological cycle in Inner Mongolia. China Urban Climate 41:101043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Querol X, Alastuey A, Rodríguez S, Viana MM, Artíñano B, Salvador P, Mantilla E, García do Santos S, Fernandez Patier R, de Rosa J, Sanchez de la Campa A, Menéndez M, Gil JJ (2004) Levels of particulate matter in rural, urban and industrial sites in Spain. Sci Total Environ 334–335:359–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez M, Massolo S, Frache R, Correa JA (2005) Metal speciation and environmental impact on sandy beaches due to El Salvador copper mine. Chile Mar Pollut Bull 50:62–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raysoni AU, Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Echanique P, Racines M, Pingitore NE, Li W-W (2017) Evaluation of sources and patterns of elemental composition of PM2.5 at three low-income neighborhood schools and residences in Quito, Ecuador. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raysoni AU, Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Echanique P, Racines M, Pingitore NE, Li WW (2017b) Evaluation of sources and patterns of elemental composition of PM(2.5) at Three low-income neighborhood schools and residences in Quito, Ecuador. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14

  • Rogula-Kozłowska W, Pastuszka JS, Talik E (2008) Influence of Vehicular traffic on concentration and particle surface composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in Zabrze. Poland Pol J Environ Stud 17:539–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang K, Chen Z, Liu Z, Song L, Zheng W, Yang B, Liu S, Yin L (2021) Haze prediction model using deep recurrent neural network. Atmosphere 12:1625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slezakova K, Pires JCM, Martins FG, Pereira MC, Alvim-Ferraz MC (2011) Identification of tobacco smoke components in indoor breathable particles by SEM–EDS. Atmos Environ 45:863–872

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soleimani M, Amini N, Sadeghian B, Wang D, Fang L (2018) Heavy metals and their source identification in particulate matter (PM2.5) in Isfahan City Iran. J Environ Sci 72:166–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y, Li J, Zhu L, Jiang L (2022) Cooperation and competition between CRISPR-and omics-based technologies in foodborne pathogens detection: a state of the art review. Curr Opin Food Sci 44:100813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian J, Liu Y, Zheng W, Yin L (2022) Smog prediction based on the deep belief-BP neural network model (DBN-BP). Urban Climate 41:101078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viana M, Rivas I, Querol X, Alastuey A, Sunyer J, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Bouso L, Sioutas C (2014) Indoor/outdoor relationships and mass closure of quasi-ultrafine, accumulation and coarse particles in Barcelona schools. Atmos Chem Phys 14:4459–4472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang K, Wang W, Li L, Li J, Wei L, Chi W, Hong L, Zhao Q, Jiang J (2020) Seasonal concentration distribution of PM1.0 and PM2.5 and a risk assessment of bound trace metals in Harbin, China: effect of the species distribution of heavy metals and heat supply. Sci. Rep. 10:8160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wu X, Liu J, Zhai Z, Yang Z, Xia J, Deng S, Qu X, Zhang H, Wu D (2022) Mo-modified band structure and enhanced photocatalytic properties of tin oxide quantum dots for visible-light driven degradation of antibiotic contaminants. J Environ Chem Eng 10:107091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Liu Z, Yin L, Zheng W, Song L, Tian J, Yang B, Liu S (2021) A haze prediction model in chengdu based on LSTM. Atmosphere 12:1479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Zhu H, Xu X, Bao L, Wang Y, Lin H, Zheng C (2021) Construction of a novel lanthanum carbonate-grafted ZSM-5 zeolite for effective highly selective phosphate removal from wastewater. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 324:111289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin L, Wang L, Huang W, Liu S, Yang B, Zheng W (2021) Spatiotemporal analysis of haze in Beijing based on the multi-convolution model. Atmosphere 12:1408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu C, Chen X, Li N, Zhang Y, Li S, Chen J, Yao L, Lin K, Lai Y, Deng X (2022) Ag3PO4-based photocatalysts and their application in organic-polluted wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–17

  • Zhang Z, Tian J, Huang W, Yin L, Zheng W, Liu S (2021) A haze prediction method based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network. Atmosphere 12:1327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoghi A, Salimi M, Mirmahdi RS, Massoud R, Khosravi-Darani K, Mohammadi R, Rouhi M, Tripathy AD (2022) Effect of pretreatments on bioremoval of metals and subsequent exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Qual Assurance Safety Crops Foods 14:145–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwoździak A, Sówka I, Krupińska B, Zwoździak J, Nych A (2013) Infiltration or indoor sources as determinants of the elemental composition of particulate matter inside a school in Wrocław, Poland? Build Environ 66:173–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran, is the financer of this project (IR.HUMS.REC.1399.415).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Yadolah Fakhri & Amenh Bahreini

  2. Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Yadolah Fakhri

  3. Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

    Maedeh Akhlaghi

  4. Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Hasti Daraei

  5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Hasti Daraei

  6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Zoha Hedarinejad

  7. Center for Health and Nutrition Education, Counselling and Empowerment, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

    Trias Mahmudiono

  8. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

    Trias Mahmudiono

  9. Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Warsaw, Poland

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

Authors
  1. Yadolah Fakhri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maedeh Akhlaghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hasti Daraei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zoha Hedarinejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amenh Bahreini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Trias Mahmudiono
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Searching in databases was performed by Amenh Bahreini; data extraction by Amenh Bahreini; meta-analysis of data by Yadolah Fakhri and prepared manuscript by Trias Mahmudiono; Yadolah Fakhri, Zoha Hedari Nejad, Hasti Daraei, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Trias Mahmudiono.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Ethical approval was approved from Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran (IR.HUMS.REC.1399.415).

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 26 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fakhri, Y., Akhlaghi, M., Daraei, H. et al. The concentration of potentially toxic elements (zinc, iron, manganese) bound PM2.5 in the indoor air of urban schools: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 77–84 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01257-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01257-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation