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Association of short-term exposure to air pollution with mortality in a middle eastern tourist city

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Abstract

This study investigated the association of short-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, and CO with daily all-cause, cardiovascular, ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular, and respiratory deaths in Mashhad, a tourist megacity in Iran (2014–2018). A distributed-lag-day, nonlinear model (DLNM) and generalized additive model (GAM) based on the quasi-Poisson distribution were used to explore the exposure-lag-day-response associations. The average (± standard deviation) concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, and CO were 67.1 (± 35.5), 29.6 (± 14.2), 57.3 (± 24.1), 55.9 (± 16.9), and 1907.6 (± 1362.7) μg/m3, respectively. NO2 was associated with IHD mortality in lag-days 0 to 0–7, and lag-day 1. The relative risks (RRs) for a 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 ranged from 1.01 (95% CI 0.93, 1.11) at lag-day 0 to 1.04 (95% CI 0.94, 1.16) and 1.03 (95% CI 0.93, 1.14) for lag-day 0–1 (cumulative) and lag-day 1 (non-cumulative), respectively. For all-cause mortality, cumulative exposure to PM2.5 for lag-day 0–7 (1.07, 95% CI 1.00, 1.15) and non-cumulative exposure to NO2 at lag-day 6 (1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.03) were significant. Exposure to PM10 (per 10 μg/m3) was significantly associated with respiratory mortality at several lag-days. Adjusting for Ramadan did not significantly affect the results. PM10 had significant associations with respiratory mortality of people > 65 years old, and men for several lag-days. For IHD, NO2 affected older people, and men and women over different lag-days. Results of multi-pollutant models were similar to the single-pollutant model outcomes. In conclusion, NO2 and PM10 had more significant relationships with adverse health outcomes than the other pollutants.

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Funding

This study was funded by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (grant number #22414).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Tayebeh Khosravi, Zahra Namvar, Abbas Shahsavani, Masoumeh Rahmatinia & Mohammad Reza Alipour

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mostafa Hadei

  3. Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mostafa Hadei

  4. Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA

    Philip K. Hopke

  5. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA

    Philip K. Hopke

  6. Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Abbas Shahsavani

  7. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari

  8. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Xavier Querol

  9. Center of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Yarahmadi

  10. Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Kermani

Authors
  1. Tayebeh Khosravi
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  2. Mostafa Hadei
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  3. Philip K. Hopke
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  4. Zahra Namvar
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  5. Abbas Shahsavani
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  6. Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
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  7. Xavier Querol
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  8. Masoumeh Rahmatinia
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  9. Mohammad Reza Alipour
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  10. Maryam Yarahmadi
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  11. Majid Kermani
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Correspondence to Abbas Shahsavani.

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Khosravi, T., Hadei, M., Hopke, P.K. et al. Association of short-term exposure to air pollution with mortality in a middle eastern tourist city. Air Qual Atmos Health 13, 1223–1234 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00875-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00875-x

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