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Observation of Fundamental Mechanisms in Compression-Induced Phase Transformations Using Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction

  • Phase Transformations during Solid-phase Welding and Processing
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Abstract

As theoretically hypothesized for several decades in group IV transition metals, we have discovered a dynamically stabilized body-centered cubic (bcc) intermediate state in Zr under uniaxial loading at sub-nanosecond timescales. Under ultrafast shock wave compression, rather than the transformation from α-Zr to the more disordered hex-3 equilibrium ω-Zr phase, in its place we find the formation of a previously unobserved nonequilibrium bcc metastable intermediate. We probe the compression-induced phase transition pathway in zirconium using time-resolved sub-picosecond x-ray diffraction analysis at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We also present molecular dynamics simulations using a potential derived from first-principles methods which independently predict this intermediate phase under ultrafast shock conditions. In contrast with experiments on longer timescale (> 10 ns) where the phase diagram alone is an adequate predictor of the crystalline structure of a material, our recent study highlights the importance of metastability and time dependence in the kinetics of phase transformations.

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Notes

  1. Further comments about ultrafast shock experiments, elastic–plastic response, and their connection to longer time scale experiments are in the supplemental information.

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Acknowledgements

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the US Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. We acknowledge J.M. Zaug for helpful discussions and planning support. M.R.A., H.B.R, R.A.A., E.S., J.C.C, P.G., T.T.L., J.T.M., A.J.N, J.D.R., N.E.T., and J.L.B. gratefully acknowledge the LLNL LDRD program for funding support of this project under 16-ERD-037. G.J.A. and H.Z. thank EPSRC and ERC for funding. F.G., N.H., and S.L. acknowledge support of the Army Research Office (Grant Nos. 56122-CH-H and 71650-CH W911NF-19-2-0172), Carnegie Institution of Washington, and NSF. V.P. acknowledges support from National Science Foundation-Earth Sciences (EAR-1634415) and Department of Energy-GeoSciences (DEFG02-94ER14466). A.E.G. acknowledges supported by NSF Geophysics (EAR0738873), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Reines LDRD and FES, DOE ECA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA

    Michael R. Armstrong, Harry B. Radousky, Ryan A. Austin, Elissaios Stavrou, Jonathan C. Crowhurst, Paulius Grivickas, Tian T. Li, Joseph T. McKeown, Art J. Nelson, John D. Roehling, Nick E. Teslich & Jonathan L. Belof

  2. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

    Hongxiang Zong & Graeme J. Ackland

  3. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Shaughnessy Brown, Arianna E. Gleason, Eduardo Granados, Hae Ja Lee, Bob Nagler, Inhyuk Nam & Peter Walter

  4. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    Arianna E. Gleason

  5. Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA

    Nicholas Holtgrewe, Sergey Lobanov & Alexander F. Goncharov

  6. Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Vitali Prakapenka

  7. University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    Clemens Prescher

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Correspondence to Michael R. Armstrong.

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Armstrong, M.R., Radousky, H.B., Austin, R.A. et al. Observation of Fundamental Mechanisms in Compression-Induced Phase Transformations Using Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction. JOM 73, 2185–2193 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04535-4

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