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State-of-the-Art of Research on Seismic Pounding Between Buildings with Aligned Slabs

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Abstract

Collision between adjoining buildings with aligned slabs is relevant, since the huge impact forces significantly modify the buildings dynamic behavior. The separation required by the regulations avoids pounding; however, even in recent buildings, impact can occur due to not fulfillment of codes and seismicity underestimation. Given the importance of this issue, a significant research effort has been undertaken worldwide, and a considerable number of papers are available. The complexity of this field and this abundance of information might require a review task. This paper presents a summary of the theoretical developments, discusses the most common simulation software, provides an overview of the previous research, offers recommendations to researchers, and identifies research needs.

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Abbreviations

A :

Cross-section area, integration constant (Eq. 3)

B, C, D :

Integration constants (Eq. 3)

c :

Traveling axial waves velocity \(\left( {c={{\left( {\frac{E}{{\overline {{\varvec{\uprho}}} }}} \right)}^{1/2}}} \right)\), damping coefficient

d :

Gap between two adjoining colliding buildings

E :

Equivalent elastic deformation modulus

EA 1/EA 2 :

Axial stiffness of the left/right colliding slabs

F :

Impact force

k :

Stiffness of Kelvin–Voigt model

L :

Length of the colliding slabs (in the pounding direction)

m :

Mass of a building or frame

m 1/m 2 :

Equivalent mass of the colliding of slabs of the left/right buildings

N :

Axial force (tension positive)

q :

Time-dependent factor in the eigenvalue analysis of axial vibrations

r/r′ :

Restitution factor

t :

Time, impact duration

\({\overline {m} _0}\) :

Part of external mass per unit length that is mobilized during the axial vibrations

t :

Time

u :

Axial displacement

v 1/v 2 :

Traveling (absolute) velocities of left/right slabs in the beginning of the collision

v c :

Joint velocity, during impact, of the interface between both colliding bodies

\({v^{\prime}_1}\) :

Traveling (absolute) velocity of the left slab at the end of the collision

\({{{{v^{\prime}}_2}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{v^{\prime}}_2}} {{{v^{\prime\prime}}_2}}}} \right. \kern-0pt} {{{v^{\prime\prime}}_2}}}\) :

After-impact velocity of the right slab unstrained segment/After-impact average velocity of the right slab

x/x 1/x 2 :

Coordinate/coordinates of the colliding of slabs of the left/right buildings

δ:

Axial displacement in the elastic impact analysis

ε:

Axial strain

\(\phi\) :

Modal shape in the eigenvalue analysis of axial vibrations

\(\lambda\) :

Wave length in the eigenvalue analysis of axial vibrations

ω:

Angular frequency, natural frequency

\({\rho \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\rho {\overline {\rho } }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {\overline {\rho } }}\) :

Mass/equivalent mass per unit volume

\(\zeta\) :

Damping ratio

\({\xi \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\xi \psi }} \right. \kern-0pt} \psi }\) :

Coordinates (x – c t/x + c t) in the elastic impact analysis

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Acknowledgements

This work has received financial support from the Spanish Government under Projects BIA2014-60093-R, MAT2014-60647-R and CGL2015-6591. These supports are gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Technical University of Catalonia, Campus Nord UPC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    Alireza Kharazian

  2. Technical University of Catalonia, Avda. Diagonal 649, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Francisco López-Almansa

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Kharazian, A., López-Almansa, F. State-of-the-Art of Research on Seismic Pounding Between Buildings with Aligned Slabs. Arch Computat Methods Eng 26, 327–345 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-017-9242-3

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