Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Pre-colonial Ethnic Wars and the Colonization of Northern Tanzania from 1800 to 1950 CE: The Case of Chagga of Kilimanjaro

  • Research
  • Published:
Archaeologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the late 19th century, the various chiefdoms of the Chagga people of Mount Kilimanjaro, in north-eastern Tanzania, engaged in continuous warfare among themselves. While the Mangi (chiefs) sought to expand their areas of domination and strengthen their chiefdoms with the wealth acquired through warfare, they also provided an opening for foreigners to become involved in these local conflicts. This paper examines the role and impacts of the Chagga wars in the German colonization of Chagga land. In the initial stages of the colonization process, the Germans could not know where to start or who to partner with in order to facilitate this process in Kilimanjaro. With the entire Chagga community at war, one chiefdom against another, and the axis of power moving from chiefdom to chiefdom, it was not very easy for colonialists to determine which one was dominant. Although Rindi, the Mangi of Moshi, convinced the Europeans that he was the most powerful chief in Kilimanjaro, the ceaseless wars made the Germans aware that there were other more active and even stronger chiefdoms than Moshi. For the Germans to get into Kilimanjaro, and secure a future for themselves there, the solution was to wage war against the Chagga. Hence they engaged in war with the Kibosho Chiefdom which, under Mangi Sina, was by then the most powerful and prosperous chiefdom. Although Karl Peters had signed a treaty with Mangi Rindi of Moshi in 1885, the country was brought under complete colonial rule by Germans in the early 1890s, after subduing the long-running local wars in the area. This paper draws on the author’s research into oral history in Chagga land, and his archaeological survey of the area, to explore the unintended consequences of involving Europeans in the Chagga chiefdom’s local wars.

Résumé

À la fin du 19e siècle, les différentes chefferies du peuple Chagga du Kilimandjaro, au nord-est de Tanzanie, étaient constamment en guerre. Tandis que les Mangi (chefs) cherchaient à élargir leur domination et à renforcer leur chefferie grâce aux richesses acquises de force, ils offraient aussi aux étrangers l’occasion de participer à ces conflits locaux. Cet article examine le rôle et les répercussions qu’ont eues les guerres des Chagga sur la colonisation allemande de Chagga land. Durant les phases initiales de colonisation, les Allemands ne pouvaient pas savoir par où commencer ou avec qui se lier pour faciliter ce processus dans la région du Kilimandjaro. Dans le contexte où la totalité de la communauté Chagga était en guerre, une chefferie contre l’autre, et où l’axe du pouvoir se déplaçait entre les chefferies, les colonialistes pouvaient difficilement déterminer laquelle dominait. Même si Rindi, le Mangi de Moshi, a convaincu les Européens qu’il était le chef le plus puissant du Kilimandjaro, les interminables guerres ont persuadé les Allemands que d’autres chefferies étaient plus actives et puissantes. Pour pénétrer dans la région du Kilimandjaro et assurer leur avenir sur place, les Allemands sont entrés en guerre contre les Chagga. Ils ont donc combattu la chefferie de Kibosho qui, sous Mangi Sina, était à l’époque la plus puissante et prospère. Même si Karl Peters a signé un traité avec Mangi Rindi de Moshi en 1885, le pays a été complètement soumis au régime colonial par les Allemands au début des années 1890, mettant ainsi fin aux longues guerres locales de la région. Cet article s’inspire des recherches qu’a faites l’auteur sur l’histoire orale de Chagga land et sa reconnaissance archéologique du territoire, pour explorer les conséquences inattendues de l’implication des Européens dans les guerres locales des chefferies du peuple Chagga.

Resumen

A finales del siglo XIX, los diversos cacicazgos del pueblo Chagga del Monte Kilimanjaro, en el nordeste de Tanzania, se dedicaron a guerras continuas entre ellos. Aunque los Mangi (caciques) trataron de expandir sus áreas de dominación y fortalecer sus cacicazgos con la riqueza adquirida mediante la guerra, también proporcionaron una apertura para que los extranjeros se implicasen en estos conflictos locales. El presente documento examina el papel y los impactos de las guerras de Chagga en la colonización alemana de la Tierra de Chagga. En las etapas iniciales del proceso de colonización, los alemanes no podían saber dónde comenzar o a quién asociarse con el fin de facilitar este proceso en el Kilimanjaro. Con toda la comunidad Chagga en guerra, un cacicazgo contra otro, y el eje de poder moviéndose de cacicazgo a cacicazgo, no resultó muy fácil para los colonizadores determinar cuál era el dominante. Aunque Rindi, el Mangi de Moshi, convenció a los europeos de que era el cacique más poderoso en el Kilimanjaro, las inacabables guerras hicieron que los alemanes se diesen cuenta de que había otros cacicazgos más activos e incluso más fuertes que Moshi. Para que los alemanes pudiesen entrar en el Kilimanjaro, y asegurarse un futuro para sí mismos allí, la solución era librar una guerra contra los Chagga. Por lo tanto, entraron en guerra con el Cacicazgo de Kibosho que, bajo el Mangi Sina, era por entonces el cacicazgo más poderoso y próspero. Aunque Karl Peters había firmado un tratado con Mangi Rinci de Moshi en 1885, el país fue puesto bajo mandato colonial pleno por los alemanes a principios de los años 1890, después de reprimir las infinitas guerras locales en la zona. El presente documento se basa en la investigación del autor sobre la historia oral en la Tierra de Chagga, y en su estudio arqueológico de la zona, para explorar los consecuencias no intencionadas de implicar a los europeos en las guerras locales del cacicazgo de Chagga.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Cox, J. (1998) Nineteenth Century Diplomacy on Mount Kilimanjaro: Rindi of Moshi Reconsidered. In Personality and Political Culture in Modern Africapp. 107–118, edited by ME Page, et al., Boston University Press, African Studies CenterBoston.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Dundas, C. S. (1968) Kilimanjaro and Its People: A History of the Wachagga, Their Laws, Customs and Legends, Together with Some Account of the Highest Mountain in Africa, CassLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Iliffe, J. (1979) A Modern History of Tanganyika, Cambridge University PressCambridge.,

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, H. H. (1886) The Kilima-Njaro Expedition: A Record of Scientific Exploration in Eastern Equatorial Africa, and a General Description of the Natural History, Languages, and Commerce of the Kilima-Njaro District, Gregg International LondonFarnborough.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimambo, I. (1969) A Political History of the Pare of Tanzania, c. 1500-1900, East African Publishing HouseNairobi.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimambo, I. N., Temu, A. J. (eds.) (1969) A History of Tanzania, East African Publishing HouseNairobi.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Krapf, J. L. (1860) Travels, Researches and Missionary Labours During Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa, Frank CassLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Marealle, PI. 2002[1947]. Maisha ya Mchagga Hapa Duniani na Ahera. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam.

  • Mayer, H. 1891. Across East Africa Glaciers: An account of the first Ascent of Kilimanjaro [translated from German by E. H. S Calder.]. Longmans Green and Co., London.

  • Mkenda, F. (2009) Becoming Chagga: Population and Politics Around Kilimanjaro Before 1886. In Culture, History and Identity: Landscape of Inhabitation in the Mount Kilimanjaro Area, Tanzaniapp. 125–140, edited by TAR Clack, BAR International series 1966, BAR InternationalLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S. F., Puritt, P. (eds.) (1977a) Chagga and Meru. Ethnographic Survey of Africa, International African InstituteLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S. F., Puritt, P. (1977b) Chagga and Meru: Ethnographic survey of africa, International African InstituteLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • New, C. (1874) Life, Wanderings and Labours in Eastern Africa, Hodder and StoughtonLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S.G. 1972. ‘The Search for Political Focus on Kilimanjaro: A History of Chagga Politics 1916–1962’. PhD Thesis, University of Dar Salaam.

  • Stahl, K. M. (1964) History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro, Mouton & CoLondon.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, K. M. 1965. Outline of a Chagga History. Tanganyika Notes and Records 64:35–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silayo, V. 2009. ‘The archaeology of Chagga Traditional Defense System: A case of Kibosho Kilimanjaro’. MA Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.

  • Silayo, V. 2012. Mamba-Mamsera Boltholes: A Forgotten Cultural Landscape. Journal of African Archaeology Network: Studies in the African Past 10:127–139.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Prof. Tim Murray, my supervisor, for help with refining this paper and for his continuous guidance in academic writing. I am grateful to La Trobe University for supporting my programme and my research in Tanzania. I sincerely acknowledge and thank Dr. Nancy A. Rushohora and Dr. Festo Mkenda for commenting on the early version of this paper. I warmly thank Prof. Clare Smith and Jordan Ralph for the opportunity to participate in this issue. Thank you so much.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Valence Valerian Silayo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Silayo, V.V. Pre-colonial Ethnic Wars and the Colonization of Northern Tanzania from 1800 to 1950 CE: The Case of Chagga of Kilimanjaro. Arch 12, 163–181 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-016-9294-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-016-9294-2

Key Words

Navigation