Abstract
Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior. In this paper, we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried soft-rock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method. First, a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed. Then, the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane (joint) distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method, i.e., a new rheological damage model (RDL model) of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic, viscous, viscoelastic, viscoplastic and plastic elements. A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province, southwestern China, which is in broken phyllite (layered soft rock) under high geo-stress. The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure, thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems. The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization, and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress. Thus, the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method. Compared with the single primary support method, the surrounding rock pressure, secondary lining force, surrounding rock deformation, and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%–60% after the double primary support method was used.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barla G, Bonini M, Semeraro M (2011) Analysis of the behaviour of a yield-control support system in squeezing rock. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 26(1): 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2010.08.001
Bian K, Liu J, Liu ZP, et al. (2019) Mechanisms of large deformation in soft rock tunnels: a case study of Huangjiazhai Tunnel. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78: 431–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1155-8
Bonini M, Debernardi D, Barla M, Barla G (2009) The mechanical behaviour of clay shales and implications on the design of tunnels. Mech Roches 42: 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-007-0147-6
Cao CY, Shi CH, Lei MF, et al. (2018) Squeezing failure of tunnels: A case study. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 77: 188–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.04.007
Chen ZQ, He C, Xu GW, et al. (2019a) Supporting mechanism and mechanical behavior of a double primary support method for tunnels in broken phyllite under high geo-stress: a case study. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78: 5253–5267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01479-1
Chen ZQ, He C, Xu GW, et al. (2019b) A case study on the asymmetric deformation characteristics and mechanical behavior of deep-buried tunnel in phyllite. Mech Roches 52: 4527–4545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01836-2
Cui Z, Sheng Q, Leng X, Ma YL (2019) Investigation of the long-term strength of Jinping marble rocks with experimental and numerical approaches. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78: 877–882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1132-2
Dwivedi RD, Singh M, Viladkar MN, Goel RK (2013) Prediction of tunnel deformation in squeezing grounds. Eng Geol 161: 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.04.005
Gao Y, Xu F, Zhang Q, et al. (2018) Geotechnical monitoring and analyses on the stability and health of a large cross-section railway tunnel constructed in a seismic area. Meas 122: 620–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.10.039
Guan ZC, Jiang YJ, Tanabashi Y, et al. (2009) Rheological parameter estimation for the prediction of long-term deformations in conventional tunneling. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 24(3): 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.001
He MC, Gong WL, Wang J, et al. (2014) Development of a novel energy absorbing bolt with extraordinarily large elongation and constant resistance. Int J Rock Mech Min 67: 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.01.007
Hoek E, Marinos P (2000) Predicting tunnel squeezing problems in weak heterogeneous rock masses. Tunn Tunn Int 32: 45–51.
Hoek E, Guevara R (2009) Overcoming squeezing in the Yacambú-Quibor tunnel, Venezuela. Mech Roches 42: 389–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-009-0175-5
Hu XY, Fang Y, Walton G, He C (2019) Analysis of the behaviour of a novel support system in an anisotropically jointed rock mass. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 83: 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.09.028
Jiang Q, Feng XT, Li SJ, et al. (2019) Cracking-restraint design method for large underground caverns with hard rock under high geostress condition and its practical application. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 38(6): 1081–1101. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2018.1147
Khanlari G, Meybodi RG, Mokhtari E (2012) Engineering geological study of the second part of water supply Karaj to Tehran tunnel with emphasis on squeezing problems. Eng Geo 145–146: 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.06.001
Kim H, Cho JW, Song I, Min KB (2012) Anisotropy of elastic moduli, P-wave velocities, and thermal conductivities of Asan Gneiss, Boryeong Shale, and Yeoncheon Schist in Korea. Eng Geo 147: 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.07.015
Lee CL, Shou KJ, Chen SS, et al. (2019) Numerical analysis of tunneling in slates with anisotropic time-dependent behavior. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 84: 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.025
Li L, Tan ZS, Jiang B, Zhang MJ (2017a) Experimental study on primary lining form of tunnels in phyllite on Chengdu-Lanzhou railway. Chin Civil Eng J 50: 19–24. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.2017.s1.004
Li TB, Ma CC, Zhu ML, et al. (2017b) Geomechanical types and mechanical analyses of rockbursts. Eng Geo 222: 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.03.011
Li WT, Yang B, Ma HY, et al. (2018) An improved numerical simulation approach for arch-bolt supported tunnels with large deformation. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 77: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.001
Meng LB, Li TB, Jiang Y, et al. (2013) Characteristics and mechanics of large deformation in the Zhegu mountain tunnel on the Sichuan-Tibet highway. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 37: 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.03.009
National Railway Administration of PRC (2017) Code for Design on Railway Tunnel. China Railway Press, Beijing.
Song Z, Jiang LW, Du YB, Zhang GZ (2016) Analysis on characteristic and formation mechanism of larger deformation for the tunnel of Chengdu-Lanzhou railway. J Eng Geol 24: 11–16. https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2016.s1.002
Xu F, Li SC, Zhang QQ, et al. (2017) A new type support structure introduction and its contrast study with traditional support structure used in tunnel construction. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 63: 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.11.012
Xu GW, He C, Wang Y, Wang B (2016) Study on the safety performance of cracked secondary lining under action of rheological load. Chin Civil Eng J 49: 114–123. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.15951/j.tmgcxb.2016.12.013
Xu GW, He C, Su A, Chen ZQ (2018a) Experimental investigation of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of phyllite under triaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min 104: 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.02.017
Xu GW, He C, Chen ZQ, Su A (2018b) Effects of the microstructure and micro-parameters on the mechanical behaviour of transversely isotropic rock in Brazilian tests. Acta Geotech 13: 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0636-7
Xu GW, He C, Yang QH, Wang B (2019) Progressive failure process of secondary lining of a tunnel under creep effect of surrounding rock. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 90: 76–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.024
Wang M, Li HB, Han JQ, et al. (2019) Large deformation evolution and failure mechanism analysis of the multi-freeface surrounding rock mass in the Baihetan underground powerhouse. Eng Fail Anal 100: 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.02.056
Wang MY, Zhang N, Li J, et al. (2015) Computational method of large deformation and its application in deep mining tunnel. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 50: 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.06.006
Yadav P, Sharan S (2019) Numerical investigation of squeezing in underground hard rock mines. Mech Roches 52(4): 1211–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1632-9
Yang ZW, Jin AB, Zhou Y, et al. (2015) Parametric analysis of Burgers model and creep properties of rock with particle flow code. Rock Soil Mech 36: 240–248. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2015.01.033
Yang J, Chen W, Zhao W, et al. (2017a) Geohazards of tunnel excavation in interbedded layers under high in situ stress. Eng Geo 230: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.007
Yang SQ, Chen M, Jing HW, et al. (2017b) A case study on large deformation failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway in Xin’An coal mine, China. Eng Geo 217: 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.12.012
Zhang JZ, Zhou XP (2020a) AE event rate characteristics of flawed granite: from damage stress to ultimate failure. Geophys J Int 222: 795–814. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa207
Zhang JZ, Zhou XP (2020b) Forecasting catastrophic rupture in brittle rocks using precursory AE time series. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 125(8): e2019JB019276. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB019276
Zhang JZ, Zhou XP, Yin P (2019) Visco-plastic deformation analysis of rock tunnels based on fractional derivatives. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 69: 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.019
Zhang JZ, Zhou XP (2017) Time-dependent jamming mechanism for Single-Shield TBM tunneling in squeezing rock. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 85: 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.06.020
Zhang GH, Jiao YY, Wang H (2014) Outstanding issues in excavation of deep and long rock tunnels: a case study. Can Geotech J 51: 984–994. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0087
Zhang ZX, Xu Y, Kulatilake PHSW, Huang X (2012) Physical model test and numerical analysis on the behavior of stratified rock masses during underground excavation. Int J Rock Mech Min 49: 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.11.001
Zhou XP, Zhang JZ, Qian QH (2019) Experimental investigation of progressive cracking processes in granite under uniaxial loading using digital imaging and AE techniques. J Struct Geol 126: 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.06.003
Zhu Y (2017) The Sichuan-Tibet railway construction challenges and countermeasures. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52008351), the project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2020TQ0250), the China National Railway Group Science and Technology Research Program (No. P2019G038-4), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No. 2021YJ0539), the Open Foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Engineering Structures of Heavy Haul Railway (Central South University) (No. 2020JZZ01) and the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology) (No. SKLGP2021K019).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Zq., He, C., Wang, J. et al. Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress. J. Mt. Sci. 18, 1371–1390 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6356-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6356-0