Abstract
Since international economic liberalization over the past decades has increased the scope for corporate tax arbitrage and such arbitrage has been increasingly scrutinized, taxes have become a more important managerial issue in multinational enterprises (MNEs) and thus a topic of interest for international management (IM) studies. We provide an exploratory overview of the main foci and findings of the resulting body of research, outline how these foci and findings compare to those of international corporate taxation studies in adjacent fields, and propose an agenda for future IM research on corporate taxation. We find that extant IM research has focused on four types of tax-related acts – i.e., income shifting, international relocations of headquarters, internationalization of operational activities, and tax evasion – and identify three important avenues for future research. These avenues concern the use of better operationalizations of corporate income tax burdens and tax havens, the further study of the effects of tax-related formal and informal institutions, and the study of tax-related corporate political activity. More generally, our review shows that, rather than being a mere financial issue, international corporate taxation has various strategic, behavioral, and political dimensions that warrant more attention from IM scholars.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
We define such studies as those focused on the conduct of business and the management of firms across countries. They thus also include what some might refer to as ‘international business studies’.
References
Akamah, H., Hope, O., & Thomas, W. (2018). Tax havens and disclosure aggregation. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(1), 49–69.
Alexander, R. (2013). Tax transparency. Business Horizons, 56(5), 543–549.
Baaij, M., Mom, T., Van den Bosch, F., & Volberda, H. (2015). Why do multinational corporations relocate core parts of their corporate headquarters abroad? Long Range Planning, 48(1), 46–58.
Baaij, M., Van Den Bosch, F., & Volberda, H. (2004). The international relocation of corporate centres: Are corporate centres sticky? European Management Journal, 22(2), 141–149.
Bailey, N. (2018). Exploring the relationship between institutional factors and FDI attractiveness: A meta-analytic review. International Business Review, 27(1), 139–148.
Balogun, J., Fahy, K., & Vaara, E. (2019). The interplay between HQ legitimation and subsidiary legitimacy judgments in HQ relocation: A social psychological approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(2), 223–249.
Bame-Aldred, C., Cullen, J., Martin, K., & Parboteeah, P. (2013). National culture and firm-level tax evasion. Journal of Business Research, 66, 390–396.
Barrick, A., & Brown, J. (2019). Tax-related corporate political activity research: A literature review. The Journal of the American Taxation Association, 41(1), 59–89.
BBC. (2020). Apple has €13bn Irish tax bill overturned. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53416206. Accessed 31 Jul 2020.
Beer, S., de Mooij, R., & Liu, L. (2020). International corporate tax avoidance: A review of the channels, magnitudes, and blind spots. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34(3), 660–688.
Birkinshaw, J., Braunerhjelm, P., Holm, U., & Terjesen, S. (2006). Why do some multinational corporations relocate their headquarters overseas? Strategic Management Journal, 27(7), 681–700.
Bott, K., Cappelen, A., Sørensen, E., and Tungodden, B. (2017) Research: Moral appeals can help reduce tax evasion. Harvard Business Review, 1–4.
Brouthers, K., Geisser, K., & Rothlauf, F. (2016). Explaining the internationalization of ibusiness firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(5), 513–534.
Buckley, P., Doh, J., & Benischke, M. (2017). Towards a renaissance in international business research? Big questions, grand challenges, and the future of IB scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1045–1064.
Buettner, T., Overesch, M., & Schreiber, U. (2009). Taxation and capital structure choice: Evidence from a panel of German multinationals. Economics Letters, 105(3), 309–311.
Buettner, T., Overesch, M., & Wamser, G. (2018). Anti profit-shifting rules and foreign direct investment. International Tax Public Finance, 25, 553–580.
Chari, M., & Acikgoz, S. (2016). What drives emerging economy firm acquisitions in tax havens? Journal of Business Research, 69, 664–671.
Cheng, C. S. A., Kim, J., Rhee, M., & Zhoy, J. (2021). Time orientation in languages and tax avoidance. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04892-3.
Chung, W., & Alcácer, J. (2002). Knowledge seeking and location choice of foreign direct investment in the United States. Management Science, 48(12), 1534–1554.
Chyz, J. (2013). Personally tax aggressive executives and corporate tax sheltering. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56, 311–328.
Clausing, K. (2016). The real (and imagined) problems with the US corporate tax code. Harvard Business Review. 1–6.
CNN. (2016). How Apple paid just 0.005% tax on its global profits. https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/30/technology/apple-tax-ruling-numbers/. Accessed 15 Jul 2019.
Coeurderoy, R., & Verbeke, A. (2016). The unbalanced geography of the world’s largest MNEs: Institutional quality and head office distribution across countries. Global Strategy Journal, 6(2), 127–148.
Collis, D., Young, D., & Goold, M. (2012). The size and composition of corporate headquarters in multinational companies: Empirical evidence. Journal of International Management, 18, 260–275.
Contractor, F. (2012). Why do multinational firms exist? A theory note about the effect of multinational expansion on performance and recent methodological critiques. Global Strategy Journal, 2(4), 318–331.
Cooper, M., & Nguyen, Q. (2019). Understanding the interaction of motivation and opportunity for tax planning inside US multinationals: A qualitative study. Journal of World Business, 54(6), 1–18.
Cooper, M., & Nguyen, Q. (2020). Multinational enterprises and corporate tax planning: A review of literature and suggestions for a future research agenda. International Business Review, 29, 101692.
Cravens, K. (1997). Examining the role of transfer pricing as a strategy for multinational firms. International Business Review, 6(2), 127–145.
Crocker, K., & Slemrod, J. (2005). Corporate tax evasion with agency costs. Journal of Public Economics, 89, 1593–1610.
Cummings, R., Martinez-Vazquez, J., McKee, M., & Torgler, B. (2007). Effects of tax morale on tax compliance: experimental and survey evidence. Unpublished working paper, National Centre for Econometric Research, Georgia State University, and Yale University.
De Beule, F., Somers, D., & Zhang, H. (2018). Who follows whom? A location study of Chinese private and state-owned companies in the European Union. Management International Review, 58(1), 43–84.
DeBacker, J., Heim, B., & Tran, A. (2015). Importing corruption culture from overseas: Evidence from corporate tax evasion in the US. Journal of Financial Economics, 117, 122–138.
De Mooij, R., & Liu, L. (2020) At a cost: The real effects of transfer pricing regulations. IMF Economic Review, 68, 268–306.
Demerjian, P., Lev, B., & McVay, S. (2012) Quantifying managerial ability: A new measure and validity tests. Management Science, 58(7), 1229–1248.
Desai, M. A. (2012). A better way to tax US businesses. Harvard Business Review, 90(7–8), 134–139.
Desai, M. A., & Hines, J. R. Jr. (2002). Expectations and expatriations: Tracing the causes and consequences of corporate inversions. National Tax Journal, 55(3), 409–440.
Desai, M., Foley, C., & Hines, J. (2004). A multinational perspective on capital structure choice and internal capital markets. The Journal of Finance, 59(6), 2451–2487.
Devers, C., Cannella, A., Reilly, G., & Yoder, M. (2007). Executive compensation: A multidisciplinary review of recent developments. Journal of Management, 33(6), 1016–1072.
Economist. (2019). A victory for Starbucks clarifies EU rules on sweetheart tax deals. https://www.economist.com/business/2019/09/26/a-victory-for-starbucks-clarifies-eu-rules-on-sweetheart-tax-deals. Accessed 10 Apr 2020.
Economist. (2021a). Setting a floor. Janet Yellen calls for a global minimum tax on companies. Could it happen?. https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/04/08/janet-yellen-calls-for-a-global-minimum-tax-on-companies-could-it-happen. Accessed 06 May 2021a.
Economist. (2021b). End the contortions: Corporate-tax dodging. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021b/05/15/time-to-fix-the-way-governments-tax-multinational-companies. Accessed 27 May 2021b.
Economist. (2021c). Corporate tax. A new architecture. A less loophole-riddled system for taxing companies is within reach. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/06/12/a-less-loophole-riddled-system-for-taxing-companies-is-within-reach. Accessed 14 June 2021c.
Eden, L., Valdez, L., & Li, D. (2005). Talk softly but carry a big stick: Transfer pricing penalties and the market valuation of Japanese multinationals in the United States. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(4), 398–414.
Elliott, J., & Emmanuel, C. (2000). International transfer pricing: Searching for patterns. European Management Journal, 18(2), 216–222.
Fallan, E., & Fallan, L. (2019). Corporate tax behavior and environmental disclosure: Strategic trade-offs across elements of CSR. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 35(3), 101042.
Financial Times. (2014). Walgreens drops plans to relocate HQ. https://www.ft.com/content/841b63a6-1ce0-11e4-b4c7-00144feabdc0. Accessed 10 Apr 2020.
Fisch, J., & Schmeisser, B. (2019). Upgrading local operations for global arbitrage. Long Range Planning, 52(4), 101845.
Foley, C. F., Hartzell, J. C., Titman, S., & Twite, G. (2007). Why do firms hold so much cash? A tax-based explanation. Journal of Financial Economics, 86, 579–607.
Foss, N., Mudambi, R., & Murtinu, S. (2018). Taxing the multinational enterprise: On the forced redesign of global value chains and other inefficiencies. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(9), 1644–1655.
Gan, Y., & Qiu, B. (2019). Escape from the USA: Government debt-to-GDP ratio, country tax competitiveness, and US-OECD cross-border M&As. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(7), 1156–1183.
Garcia-Bernardo, J., Fichtner, J., Takes, F., & Heemskerk, E. (2017). Uncovering offshore financial centers: Conduits and sinks in the global corporate ownership network. Nature Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–10.
Glaister, K., & Hughes, J. (2008). Corporate strategy formulation and taxation: Evidence from UK firms. British Journal of Management, 19, 33–48.
Graf, M., & Mudambi, S. (2005). The outsourcing of IT-enabled business processes: A conceptual model of the location decision. Journal of International Management, 11(2), 253–268.
Graham, T., & Wyatt, S. (1999). Shaping Cyberspace—interpreting and transforming the Internet. Research Policy, 28(7), 681–698.
Guardian. (2017). Amazon ordered to repay €250m by EU over 'illegal tax advantages'. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/04/amazon-eu-tax-irish-government-apple. Accessed 15 Jul 2019.
Guardian. (2019). EU investigates Nike's tax status in the Netherlands. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/10/eu-investigates-nikes-tax-status-in-the-netherlands. Accessed 15 Jul 2019.
Hanlon, M., & Heitzman, S. (2010). A review of tax research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50, 127–178.
Hardeck, I., & Hertl, R. (2014). Consumer reactions to corporate tax strategies: Effects on corporate reputation and purchasing behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(2), 309–326.
Hennart, J.-F. (1982). A theory of multinational enterprise. University of Michigan Press.
Henry, E., & Sansing, R. (2018). Corporate tax avoidance: Data truncation and loss firms. Review of Accounting Studies, 23(3), 1042–1070.
Hillman, A., Keim, G., & Schuler, D. (2004). Corporate political activity: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 30(6), 837–857.
Hoffman, R., Munemo, J., & Watson, S. (2016). International franchise expansion: The role of institutions and transaction costs. Journal of International Management, 22(2), 101–114.
Hope, O., Kang, T., Thomas, W., & Vasvari, F. (2009). The effects of SFAS 131 geographic segment disclosures by US multinational companies on the valuation of foreign earnings. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(3), 421–443.
Houston, R., & Ferris, S. (2015). Does the revolving door swing both ways? The value of political connections to US firms. Managerial Finance, 41(10), 1002–1031.
Huizinga, H., Laeven, L., & Nicodème, G. (2008). Capital structure and international debt shifting. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(1), 80–118.
Hyde, C., & Choe, C. (2005). Keeping two sets of books: The relationship between tax and incentive transfer prices. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 14(1), 165–186.
Jiang, C., Kubick, T., Miletkov, M., & Wintoki, M. (2018). Offshore expertise for onshore companies: Director connections to island tax havens and corporate tax policy. Management Science, 64(7), 3241–3268.
Johnson, J., & Holub, M. (2003). Stanley Works: To Bermuda or not to Bermuda, that was the question. Journal of Financial Crime, 11(2), 186–194.
Jones, C., & Temouri, Y. (2016). The determinants of tax haven FDI. Journal of World Business, 51(2), 237–250.
Jones, C., Temouri, Y., & Cobham, A. (2018). Tax haven networks and the role of the Big 4 accountancy firms. Journal of World Business, 53(2), 177–193.
Jormanainen, I., & Koveshnikov, A. (2012). International activities of emerging market firms: A critical assessment of research in top international management journals. Management International Review, 52(5), 691–725.
Kemme, D., Parikh, B., & Steigner, T. (2020). Tax morale and international tax evasion. Journal of World Business, 55, 101052.
Koester, A., Shevlin, T., & Wangerin, D. (2017). The role of managerial ability in corporate tax avoidance. Management Science, 63(10), 3285–3310.
Kohlhase, S., & Pierk, J. (2020). The effect of a worldwide tax system on tax management of foreign subsidiaries. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(8), 1312–1330.
Kottaridi, C., Giakoulas, D., & Manolopoulos, D. (2019). Escapism FDI from developed economies: The role of regulatory context and corporate taxation. International Business Review, 28(1), 36–47.
Kunisch, S., Menz, M., & Ambos, B. (2015). Changes at corporate headquarters: Review, integration and future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(3), 356–381.
Laamanen, T., Simula, T., & Torstila, S. (2012). Cross-border relocations of headquarters in Europe. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(2), 187–210.
Lamin, A., & Zaheer, S. (2012). Wall street vs. main street: Firm strategies for defending legitimacy and their impact on different stakeholders. Organization Science, 23(1), 47–66.
Loree, D., & Guisinger, S. (1995). Policy and non-policy determinants of US equity foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(2), 281–299.
Martin, J., Parenti, M., & Toubal, F. (2020). Corporate tax avoidance and industry concentration. ECARES working paper 2020–29.
Martinus, K., Sigler, T., Iacopini, I., & Derudder, B. (2019). The role of tax havens and offshore financial centers in Asia-Pacific networks: Evidence from firm-subsidiary connections. Asian Business & Management, 18(5), 389–411.
McGaughey, S., & Raimondos, P. (2019). Shifting MNE taxation from national to global profits: A radical reform long overdue. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(9), 1668–1683.
Meyer, K., & Benito, G. (2016). Where do MNEs locate their headquarters? At home! Global Strategy Journal, 6(2), 149–159.
Moon, C., & Lado, A. (2000). MNC-host government bargaining power relationship: A critique and extension within the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 26(1), 85–117.
Mukundhan, K., Sahasranamam, S., & Cordeiro, J. (2019). Corporate investments in tax havens: Evidence from India. Asian Business & Management, 18(5), 360–388.
Muller, A., & Kolk, A. (2012). Responsible tax as corporate social responsibility: The case of multinational enterprises and effective tax in India. Business and Society, 54(4), 435–463.
Nell, P., Kappen, P., & Laamanen, T. (2017). Reconceptualizing hierarchies: The disaggregation and dispersion of headquarters in multinational corporations. Journal of Management Studies, 54(8), 1121–1143.
New York Times. (2017). After a tax crackdown, Apple found a new shelter for its profits. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/world/apple-taxes-jersey.html. Accessed 10 Apr 2020.
New York Times. (2021). How accounting giants craft favorable tax rules from inside government. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/business/accounting-firms-tax-loopholes-government.html. Accessed last on 05 Apr 2022.
Nielsen, B., Asmussen, C., & Weatherall, C. (2017). The location choice of foreign direct investments: Empirical evidence and methodological challenges. Journal of World Business, 52(1), 62–82.
North, D. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97–112.
OECD. (2017). OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2017. OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2018). https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CTS_ETR. Accessed 10 Apr 2020.
OECD. (2019). What is BEPS? https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/about/. Accessed 14 Jun 2021.
Plesner-Rossing, C. (2013). Tax strategy control: The case of transfer pricing tax risk management. Management Accounting Research, 24(2), 175–194.
Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: Free Press, Macmillan.
Ramb, F., & Weichenrieder, A. (2005). Taxes and the financial structure of German inward FDI. Review of World Economics, 141(4), 670–692.
Rasciute, S., & Downward, P. (2017). Explaining variability in the investment location choices of MNEs: An exploration of country, industry and firm effects. International Business Review, 26(4), 605–613.
Reuters. (2019). Google to end 'double Irish, Dutch sandwich' tax scheme. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-to-end-double-irish-dutch-sandwich-tax-scheme-idUSKBN1YZ10Z. Accessed 10 Apr 2020.
Richardson, G. (2006). Determinants of tax evasion: A cross-country investigation. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 15, 150–169.
Richardson, G. (2008). The relationship between culture and tax evasion across countries: Additional evidence and extensions. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 17, 67–78.
Root, F., & Ahmed, A. (1978). The influence of policy instruments on manufacturing direct foreign investment in developing countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 9(3), 81–93.
Rugman, A. (1980). Internalization theory and corporate international finance. California Management Review, 23(2), 73–79.
Sageder, M., & Feldbauer-Durstmüller, B. (2018). Management control in multinational companies: A systematic literature review. Review of Managerial Science, 13(5), 875–918.
Schanz, D., Keller, S., & Dinkel, A. (2017). Tax attractiveness and the location of German-controlled subsidiaries. Review of Managerial Science, 11(1), 251–297.
Schreiber, U. (2013). International business taxation and the business cash flow tax. Review of Managerial Science, 7(3), 309–326.
Seida, J. A., & Wempe, W. F. (2004). Effective tax rate changes and earnings stripping following corporate inversion. National Tax Journal, 57(4), 805–828.
Sethi, D., Judge, W., & Sun, Q. (2011). FDI distribution within China: An integrative conceptual framework for analyzing intra-country FDI variations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28(2), 325–352.
Siedschlag, I., Smith, D., Turcu, C., & Zhang, X. (2013). What determines the location choice of R&D activities by multinational firms? Research Policy, 42(8), 1420–1430.
Slangen, A., Baaij, M., & Valboni, R. (2017). Disaggregating the corporate headquarters: Investor reactions to inversion announcements by US firms. Journal of Management Studies, 54(8), 1241–1270.
Stitt, I. (1991). Direct taxation and the single European market. European Management Journal, 9(3), 235–246.
Sugathan, A., & George, R. (2015). The influence of governance infrastructure and corporate governance on profit shifting. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(8), 886–916.
Sutherland, D., Anderson, J., & Hertenstein, P. (2018). Is the strategic asset seeking investment proclivity of Chinese MNEs different to that of developed market MNEs? A comparative analysis of location choice and orientation. Management International Review, 58(6), 911–933.
Sutherland, D., Hennart, J.-F., & Anderson, J. (2019). How does the routing of FDI to and via tax havens confound our understanding of Chinese MNE identity? A critical review of the empirical literature on Chinese MNEs. Asian Business & Management, 18, 337–359.
Tang, R., Zhu, Y., Cai, H., & Han, J. (2021). De-internationalization: A thematic review and the directions forward. Management International Review, 61(3), 267–312.
Tax Attractiveness Index. (2018). https://www.tax-index.org/.
Tax Foundation. (2020). Thin-Cap rules in Europe. https://taxfoundation.org/thin-capitalization-rules-thin-cap-rules-europe-2020/.
Tax Justice Network. (2017a). Tax avoidance and evasion - The scale of the problem. https://www.taxjustice.net/wp-content/uploads/2017a/11/Tax-dodging-the-scale-of-the-problem-TJN-Briefing.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2020.
Tax Justice Network. (2017b). Shifting profits and dodging taxes using debt. https://www.taxjustice.net/wp-content/uploads/2017b/11/Dodging-taxes-with-debt-TJN-Briefing.pdf. Accessed 25 Mar 2021.
Tax Justice Network. (2021). Corporate tax haven index—2021 results. https://cthi.taxjustice.net/en/. Accessed 29 Mar 2021.
Temouri, Y., Ahmed, A., Pereira, V., & Jones, C. (2020). The relationship between corporate governance and tax havens: A critical review and future research directions. Annals of Corporate Governance, 5(3), 148–207.
Ting, A., & Gray, S. (2019). The rise of the digital economy: Rethinking the taxation of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(9), 1656–1667.
UNCTAD. (2020). World Investment Report. United Nations.
Voget, J. (2011). Relocation of headquarters and international taxation. Journal of Public Economics, 95(9), 1067–1081.
Wall Street Journal. (2016). Apple ordered by EU to repay $14.5 billion in Irish tax breaks. https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-received-14-5-billion-in-illegal-tax-benefits-from-ireland-1472551598. Accessed 10 Apr 2020.
Wijeweera, A., Dollery, B., & Clark, D. (2007). Corporate tax rates and foreign direct investment in the United States. Applied Economics, 39(1), 109–117.
Acknowledgements
We thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper. The first author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of FWO (Grant number G082619N).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Eerola, A., Slangen, A.H.L. A Review of International Management Research on Corporate Taxation. Manag Int Rev 62, 643–680 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-022-00484-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-022-00484-z