Abstract
This study examines factors related to student self-efficacy beliefs in on-line groupwork. Participants in this study were 204 graduate students taking an online graduate-level course from a public university in the Southeast United States of America. Two-level hierarchical linear models were used to examine predictors of the students’ self-efficacy. Three student-level variables were found to be related to groupwork self-efficacy: individual’s willingness to handle groupwork challenge, trust relationship, and leadership influence. At the group level, the group’s willingness to handle groupwork challenge was positively related to individual student’s groupwork self-efficacy. Discussions of the findings suggest that leadership is important for groupwork. Instructors of online courses are recommended to design high-quality group projects that are purposeful, meaningful, challenging, and engaging. Communications between group members are also recommended to build trust. Implications of the findings to online learning and instruction as well as directions for future research are presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Blackboard is an online proprietary virtual learning environment system that is licensed to colleges and other institutions and used in many campuses for e-learning.
References
Ackerman, P. L., & Wolman, S. D. (2007). Determinants and validity of self-estimates of abilities and self-concept measures. Journal of Psychology: Applied, 13, 57–78.
Amhag, L., & Jakobsson, A. (2009). Collaborative learning as a collective competence when students use the potential of meaning in asynchronous dialogues. Computers & Education, 52(3), 656–667.
An, H., Kim, S., & Kim, B. (2008). Teacher perspectives on online collaborative learning: Factors perceived as facilitating and impeding successful online group work. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 8, 65–83.
Aubert, B., & Kelsey, B. (2003). Further understanding of trust and performance in virtual teams. Small Group Research, 34(5), 575–618.
Bandura, A. (1986). A Social Cognitive Theory, Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman & Company.
Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 75–78.
Barrett, E., & Lally, V. (1999). Gender differences in an on-line learning environment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 15, 48–60.
Bar-Tal, D. (1989). Group beliefs: A conception for analyzing group structure, processes, and behavior. New York, NY: Springer.
Bimber, B. (2000). The gender gap on the internet. Social Science Quarterly, 81, 868–876.
Bostock, S., & Lizhi, W. (2005). Gender in student online discussions. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 42(1), 73–85.
Bressler, L., & Bressler, M. (2007). The relationship of self-esteem and self-efficacy among distance learning students in accounting information systems on-line classes. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 4, 274–289.
Brindley, J., Walti, C., & Blaschke, L. (2009). Creating effective collaborative learning groups in an online environment. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(3), 1–18.
Brooks, C. M., & Ammons, J. L. (2003). Free riding in group projects and the effects of timing, frequency, and specificity of criteria in peer assessments. Journal of Education for Business, 78, 268–272.
Bunn, M. D. (2001). Timeless and timely issues in distance education planning. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 55–68.
Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234–246.
Clotfelter, C. T., Ladd, H. F., & Vigdor, J. L. (2007). Teacher credentials and student achievement: Longitudinal analysis with student fixed effects. Economics of Education Review, 26, 673–682.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: A Review of state policy evidence. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1–42.
De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. (2003). Task- and relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1191–1201.
Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26, 325–346.
Denis, A., & Ollivier, M. (2002). How wired are canadian women? The intersection of gender, class and language with the use of new information technologies. In A. Martinez & M. Stuart (Eds.), Out of the ivory tower: Taking feminist research to the community (pp. 251–269). Toronto, CA: Sumach Press.
DeTure, M. (2004). Cognitive style and self-efficacy: Predicting student success in online distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 21–38.
Diseth, A. (2011). Self-efficacy, goal orientation and learning strategies as mediators between preceding and subsequent academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 191–195.
Dixson, M. D. (2010). Creating effective student engagement in online courses: What do students find engaging? Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 10(2), 1–13.
Du, J. X., Durrington, V. A., & Mathews, J. G. (2007). Collaborative discussion: Myth or valuable learning tool. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching (JOLT), 3(2), 94–104.
Du, J., Ge, X., & Zhang, K. (2012). Graduate students’ experiences of online collaborative learning in Web-based learning environments. International Journal of Information Communication and Technology Education, 8(4), 62–74.
Du, J., & Xu, J. (2010). The quality of online discussion reported by graduate Students. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 11(1), 13–24.
Durndell, A., & Haag, Z. (2002). Computer self-efficacy, computer anxiety, attitudes towards the Internet and reported experience with the Internet, by gender, in an East European sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 18, 521–535.
Dykman, C. A., & Davis, C. K. (2008). Online education forum-Part three: A quality online education experience. Journal of Information Systems Education, 19, 281–289.
Fan, X., & Thompson, B. (2001). Confidence intervals for effect sizes: Confidence intervals about score reliability coefficients, please: An EPM guidelines editorial. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(4), 517–531.
Fermoso, A. M., Mateos, M., Beato, M. E., & Berjón, R. (2015). Open linked data and mobile devices as e-tourism tools. A practical approach to collaborative e-learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 618–626.
Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. London: Routledge.
Gefen, D., Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. W. (2003). Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model. MIS quarterly, 27(1), 51–90.
Gibbons, D. E., & Weingart, L. R. (2001). Can I do it? Will I try? Personal efficacy, assigned goals, and performance norms as motivators of individual performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 624–648.
Gibson, C. B. (2003). The efficacy advantage: Factors related to the formation of group efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 2153–2186.
Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Hoy, A. W. (2004). Collective efficacy beliefs: Theoretical developments, empirical evidence, and future directions. Educational Researcher, 33, 3–13.
Hahnel, C., & Jackson, O. (2012). Learning denied: The case for equitable access to effective teaching in California’s largest school district. Oakland, CA: The Education Trust-West.
Harris, D., & Sass, T. (2007). Teacher training, teacher quality and student achievement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 798–812.
Havard, B., Du, J., & Xu, J. (2008). Online collaborative learning and communication media. Journal of Interactive Learning Research., 19(1), 37–50.
Hsu, Y.-C., & Ching, Y.-H. (2013). Mobile computer-supported collaborative learning: A review of experimental research. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44, E111–E114.
Isaac, J. D., Sansone, C., & Smith, J. L. (1999). Other people as a source of interest in an activity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 239–265.
Jin, S. H. (2005). Analyzing student–student and student–instructor interaction through multiple communication tools in web-based learning. International Journal of Instructional Media, 32(1), 59–67.
Jones, P., Naugle, K., & Kolloff, M. (2008). Teacher presence: Using introductory videos in hybrid and online courses. Learning Solutions. Retrieved from learningsolutionsmag.com.
Kirkpatick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. (1991). Leadership: Do traits matter? Academy of Management Perspectives, 5(2), 48–60.
Kirtman, L. (2009). Online versus In-class courses: An examination of differences in learning outcomes. Issues in Teacher Education, 18(2), 103–116.
Komarraju, M., & Nadler, D. (2013). Self-efficacy and academic achievement: Why do implicit beliefs, goals, and effort regulation matter? Learning and Individual Differences, 25, 67–72.
Kop, R. (2011). The challenges to connectivist learning on open online networks: Learning experiences during a massive open online course. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(3), 19–38.
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998). Introduction to multilevel modeling. London: Sage.
Kukulu, K., Korukcu, O., Ozdemir, Y., Bezci, A., & Calik, C. (2013). Self-confidence, gender and academic achievement of undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 20, 330–335.
Kuljis, J., & Lees, D. Y. (2003). Supporting organizational e-learning with a distributed, virtual, collaborative learning environment. International Journal of Computers and Applications, 25(1), 42–49.
LaPointe, D. K., Greysen, K. R. B., & Barrett, K. A. (2004). Speak2Me: Using synchronous audio for ESL teaching in Taiwan. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 5(1), 1–6.
Lent, R. W., Schmidt, J., & Schmidt, L. (2006). Collective efficacy beliefs in student work teams: Relation to self-efficacy, cohesion, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 73–84.
Liem, A. D., Lau, S., & Nie, Y. (2008). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33, 486–512.
Little, B. L., & Madigan, R. M. (1997). The relationship between collective efficacy and performance in manufacturing work. Small Group Research, 28, 517–534.
Liu, S., Joy, M., & Griffiths, N. (2010). Students’ perceptions of the factors leading to unsuccessful group collaboration. Paper presented at 2010 IEEE 10th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. Sousse, Tunisia.
Locke, E. A. (1991). The essence of leadership: The four keys to leading successfully. New York, NY: Lexington Books.
López-Bonilla, J. M., & López-Bonilla, L. M. (2013). Exploring the relationship between social networks and collaborative learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44, E139–E142.
Magogwe, J. M., & Oliver, R. (2007). The relationship between language learning strategies, proficiency, age and self-efficacy beliefs: A study of language learners in Botswana. System, 35, 338–352.
Mittleman, D. D., Briggs, R. O., & Nunamaker, J. F., Jr. (2000). Best practice in facilitating virtual meetings: Some notes from initial experience. Group Facilitation: A Research and Applications Journal, 2, 5–14.
Moore, M. G. (2002). Editorial, what does research say about the learners using computer-mediated communication in distance learning? American Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), 61–64.
Mulvey, P. W., & Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(1), 62–87.
Neuhauser, C. (2002). Learning style and effectiveness of online and face-to-face instruction. American Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), 99–113.
Newton, K. (1997). Social capital and democracy. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 575–586.
Nummenmaa, M., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008). University students’ emotions, interest and activities in a web-based learning environment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(1), 163–178.
Paechter, M., & Maier, B. (2010). Online of face-to-face? Students’ experiences and preferences in e-learning. Internet and Higher Education, 13, 292–297.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543–578.
Pajares, F., & Graham, L. (1999). Self-efficacy, motivation constructs, and mathematics performance of entering middle school students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 24, 124–139.
Pavlou, P. A., & Fygenson, M. (2006). Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. MIS quarterly, 30, 115–143.
Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Prussia, G. E., Anderson, J. S., & Manz, C. C. (1998). Self-leadership and performance outcomes: The mediating influence of self-efficacy. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 523–538.
Puzziferro, M. (2008). Online technologies self-efficacy and self-regulated learning as predictors of final grade and satisfaction in college-level online courses. The America Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 72–89.
Raudenbush, S., & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ridings, C. M., Gefen, D., & Arinze, B. (2002). Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities. Strategic Information Systems, 11, 271–295.
Rossetto, K. R., Lannutti, P. J., & Smith, R. A. (2014). Investigating self-efficacy and emotional challenge as contributors to willingness to provide emotional support. Southern Communication Journal, 79(1), 41–58.
Ryan, A. M., Gheen, M. H., & Midgley, C. (1998). Why do some students avoid asking for help? An examination of the interplay among students’ academic efficacy, teachers’ social-emotional role, and the classroom goal structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 528–535.
Salas, E., Sims, D. E., & Burke, C. S. (2005). Is there a “Big Five” in teamwork? Small Group Research, 36, 555–599.
Schunk, D. H. (1989). Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors. Educational Psychology Review, 1, 173–208.
Smith, R. (2008). The paradox of trust in online collaborative groups. Distance Education, 29, 325–340.
So, H. J., & Brush, T. A. (2008). Student perceptions of collaborative learning, social presence and satisfaction in a blended learning environment: Relationships and critical factors. Computers & Education, 51(1), 318–336.
Stahl, G., Koschmann, T., & Suthers, D. D. (2014). Computer-supported collaborative learning. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 479–500). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Stanford-Bowers, D. E. (2008). Persistence in online classes: A study of perceptions among community college stakeholders. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 4, 37–50.
Stevens, T., Olivarez, A., Jr., Lan, W. Y., & Tallent-Runnels, M. K. (2004). Role of mathematics self-efficacy and motivation in mathematics performance across ethnicity. The Journal of Educational Research, 97, 208–221.
Thompson, L., & Ku, H.-Y. (2006). A case study of online collaborative learning. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 7, 361–375.
Thompson, D., & McGregor, I. (2009). Online self- and peer assessment for groupwork. Education Training, 51, 434–447.
Ting, Y.-L. (2012). Using mobile technologies to create interwoven learning interactions An intuitive design and its evaluation. Computers & Education, 60(1), 1–13.
Torrisi-Steele, G., & Davis, G. (2000). ‘A website for my subject’: The experiences of some academics’ engagement with educational designers in a team based approach to developing online learning materials. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 16, 283–301.
Trautwein, U., Ludtke, O., Schnyder, I., & Niggli, A. (2006). Predicting homework effort: Support for a domain-specific, multilevel homework model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 438–456.
Tuparova, D., & Tuparov, G. (2010). Management of students’ participation in e-learning collaborative activities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4757–4762.
Tutty, J. I., & Klein, J. D. (2008). Computer-mediated instruction: a comparison of online and face-to-face collaboration. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56, 101–124.
Von Secker, C. (2002). Effects of inquiry-based teacher practices on science excellence and equity. Journal of Educational Research, 95, 151–160.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wang, C., Hu, J., Zhang, G., Chang, Y., & Xu, Y. (2012). Chinese college students’ self-regulated learning strategies and self-efficacy beliefs in learning English as a foreign language. Journal of Research in Education, 22(2), 103–135.
Wang, C., Kim, D. H., Bong, M., & Ahn, H. S. (2013). Examining measurement properties of an English self-efficacy scale for English language learners in Korea. International Journal of Educational Research, 59, 24–34.
Wigfield, A. (1994). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation: A developmental perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 6, 49–78.
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 68–81.
Xu, J. (2008). Models of secondary school students’ interest in homework: A multilevel analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 1180–1205.
Yun, S., Cox, J., & Sims, H. P. (2006). The forgotten follower: A contingency model of leadership and follower self-leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 374–388.
Zhang, K., & Ge, X. (2006). Dynamic contexts of online collaborative learning. In A. D. de Figueiredo & A. P. Afonso (Eds.), Managing learning in virtual settings: The role of the context (pp. 97–115). Hershey, PA: Idea Group.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2005). Homework practices and academic achievement: The mediating role of self-efficacy and perceived responsibility belief. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 30, 397–417.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1990). Student differences in self-regulated learning: Relating grade, sex, and giftedness to self-efficacy and strategy use. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 51–59.
Zuo, H., & Wang, C. (2016). Understanding Sources of Self-Efficacy of Chinese Students Learning English in an American Institution. Multicultural Learning and Teaching, 11(1), 83–112.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Du, J., Fan, X., Xu, J. et al. Predictors for students’ self-efficacy in online collaborative groupwork. Education Tech Research Dev 67, 767–791 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9631-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9631-9