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Efficacy of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) for the treatment of tannery and surgical industry wastewater under citric acid amendment: a lab scale study

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Abstract

Contamination of land and aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals (HMs) is a global issue having the persistent potential to damage the quality of food and water. In the present study, Tagetes erecta L. plants were used to assess their potential to uptake HMs from wastewater. Plants were grown in soil for 20 days and then transplanted in hydroponic system containing Hoagland nutrient solution. After more than 15 days of growth, plants were then subjected to wastewater from tannery and surgical industries in different concentrations ranging from 25 to 100% in combination of citric acid (5 and 10 mM). After 6 weeks of treatment, plants were collected and segmented into roots, stem, and leaves for characterizing the morphological properties including plant height, roots length, fresh and dry mass of roots, stem, and leaves. For evaluation of the effect of wastewater on the plants, photosynthetic pigments; soluble proteins; reactive oxygen species (ROS); antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, CAT, and APX; and metal accumulation were analyzed. Application of industrial wastewater revealed a significant effect on plant morphology under wastewater treatments. Overall growth and physiological attributes of plant decreased, and metal accumulation enhanced with increasing concentration of wastewater. Similarly, the production of ROS and antioxidant enzymes were also increased. Chlorophyll, protein content, and enzyme production enhanced with CA (5 and 10 mM) mediation; however, ROS production and EL were reduced. Metals analysis showed that the maximum accumulation of Pb was in roots, while Cr and Ni in the stem which further increased under CA mediation. Overall, the metal accumulation ability was in the order of Pb > Ni > Cr under CA.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan under National Research Program for Universities (NRPU) grant No. HEC/R&D/NRPU/2017/8996. The authors, therefore, gratefully acknowledge HEC-Pakistan and University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan, for technical and financial support.

Funding

The present study was supported by the HEC funder project 2017/HEC/R&D/NRPU/8996.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan

    Arooj Fatima, Mujahid Farid, Zaki Ul Zaman Asam & Mohsin Abbas

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zubair

  3. Earth and Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland

    Sheharyaar Farid

  4. Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

    Sheharyaar Farid

  5. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rizwan & Shafaqat Ali

  6. Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Shafaqat Ali

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Experimentation and analysis were performed by Arooj Fatima, Mujahid Farid, Sheharyaar Farid, and Muhammad Zubair. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Mujahid Farid, Muhammad Rizwan, Zaki ul Zaman Asam, Mohsin Abbas, and Arooj Fatima. All authors gave their feedback and input during the writeup, experimentation, analysis, data validation, and proofreading of the present research work. The final proofreading and revision of the article were done by Shafaqat Ali, Sheharyaar Farid, Zaki ul Zaman Asam, and Mujahid Farid.

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Fatima, A., Farid, M., Asam, Z.U.Z. et al. Efficacy of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) for the treatment of tannery and surgical industry wastewater under citric acid amendment: a lab scale study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 43403–43418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25299-9

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