Abstract
Since plastic waste pollution is a severe environmental concern in modern life, the demand for recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has increased due to its versatile applications. Taking advantage of plastic recycling methods creates the chances of minimizing overall crude oil-based materials consumption, and as a result, greenhouse gasses, specifically CO2, will be decreased. Although many review articles have been published on plastic recycling methods from different aspects, a few review articles exist to investigate the organic reaction mechanism in plastic recycling. This review aims to describe other processes for recycling bottle waste of PET, considering the reaction mechanism. Understanding the reaction mechanism offers practical solutions toward protecting the environment against disadvantageous outgrowths rising from PET wastes. PET recycling aims to transform into a monomer/oligomer to produce new materials from plastic wastes. It is an application in various fields, including the food and beverage industry, packaging, and textile applications, to protect the environment from contamination and introduce a green demand for the near future. In this review, the chemical glycolysis process as an outstanding recycling technique for PET is also discussed, emphasizing the catalysts' performance, reaction conditions and methods, degradation agents, the kinetics of reactions, and reprocessing products. In general, a correct understanding of the PET recycling reaction mechanism leads to making the right decisions in waste management.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- PET:
-
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
- DMT:
-
Dimethyl terephthalate
- TPA:
-
Terephthalic acid
- DEG:
-
Diethylene glycol
- EG:
-
Ethylene glycol
- TEG:
-
Triethylene glycol
- BHET:
-
bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
- BHPT:
-
bis(2-hydroxypropyl)terephthalate
- VEBA:
-
Voluntary Employees Beneficiary Association
- PG:
-
Propylene glycol
- UPR:
-
unsaturated polyester resins
- Ea:
-
activation energy
- k:
-
reaction constant
- SNPs:
-
silica nanoparticles
- SMPs:
-
silica micro-particles
- CAGR:
-
Compound annual growth rate
- UV:
-
ultraviolet
- PUs:
-
Polyurethanes
- TPU:
-
thermoplastic polyurethane
- ILs:
-
Ionic liquids
- MB:
-
methyl benzoate
- MPD:
-
2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- GMO:
-
Genetically Modified Organisms
- PHA:
-
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
- PLA:
-
Polylactide Acid
- SSP :
-
Solid-State Polymerization
References
Abdelaal MY, Sobahi TR, Makki MSI (2011) Chemical transformation of pet waste through glycolysis. Constr Build Mater 25:3267–3271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.013
Abdullah MMS, Al-Lohedan HA (2020) Demulsification of water in heavy crude oil emulsion using a new amphiphilic ionic liquid based on the glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate waste. J Mol Liq 307:112928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112928
Achilias D (2012) Material recycling: trends and perspectives. BoD–Books on Demand
Achilias DS, Redhwi HH, Siddiqui MN, Nikolaidis AK, Bikiaris DN, Karayannidis GP (2010) Glycolytic depolymerization of PET waste in a microwave reactor. J Appl Polym Sci 118:3066–3073. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32737
Achilias DS, Tsintzou GP, Nikolaidis AK, Bikiaris DN, Karayannidis GP (2011) Aminolytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste in a microwave reactor. Polym Int 60:500–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2976
Adams CJ, Earle MJ, Roberts G, Seddon KR (1998) Friedel-Crafts reactions in room temperature ionic liquids. Chem Commun:2097–2098
Al-Sabagh AM, Yehia FZ, Eissa AMF, Moustafa ME, Eshaq G, Rabie AM, El Metwally AE (2014a) Ionic liquids as Efficient Catalysts for the Glycolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate. Egypt J Chem 57:267–280. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2014.1045
Al-Sabagh AM, Yehia FZ, Eissa AMMF, Moustafa ME, Eshaq G, Rabie ARM, Elmetwally AE (2014b) Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by the Lewis base ionic liquid [Bmim][OAc]. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:18443–18451. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie503677w
Al-Sabagh AM, Yehia FZ, Eshaq G, Rabie AM, ElMetwally AE (2016) Greener routes for recycling of polyethylene terephthalate. Egypt J Pet 25:53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.001
Al-Salem SM, Lettieri P, Baeyens J (2009) Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review. Waste Manag 29:2625–2643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004
Andreasi Bassi S, Boldrin A, Frenna G, Astrup TF (2021) An environmental and economic assessment of bioplastic from urban biowaste. The example of polyhydroxyalkanoate. Bioresour Technol 327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124813
Anon (1973) Recycling and Recovery of Plastics. Eur Mon 46
Asakuma Y, Yamamura Y, Nakagawa K, Maeda K, Fukui K (2011) Mechanism of Depolymerization Reaction of Polyethylene Terephthalate: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J Polym Environ 19:209–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-010-0263-3
Babu RP, O’Connor K, Seeram R (2013) Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Prog Biomater 2:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-0517-2-8
Baliga S, Wong WT (1989) Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from post-consumer soft-drink bottles. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 27:2071–2082. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270625
Barboza ES, Lopez DR, Amico SC, Ferreira CA (2009) Determination of a recyclability index for the PET glycolysis. Resour Conserv Recycl 53:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.10.002
Bartolome L, Imran M, Gyoo BAW, Hyun D (2012) Recent Developments in the Chemical Recycling of PET. In: Material Recycling - Trends and Perspectives. InTech
Bartolome L, Imran M, Lee KG, Sangalang A, Ahn JK, Kim DH (2014) Superparamagnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles as an easily recoverable catalyst for the chemical recycling of PET. Green Chem 16:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc41834k
Baytar O, Şahin Ö, Horoz S, Kutluay S (2020) High-performance gas-phase adsorption of benzene and toluene on activated carbon: response surface optimization, reusability, equilibrium, kinetic, and competitive adsorption studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:26191–26210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08848-4
Billiau-Loreau M, Durand G, Tersac G (2001) Structural effects of diacidic and glycolic moieties on physicochemical properties of aromatic polyesterdiols from glycolysis/esterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes. Polymer (Guildf) 43:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00544-4
Biswas T, Yu J, Nierstrasz V (2021) Effective Pretreatment Routes of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabric for Digital Inkjet Printing of Enzyme. Adv Mater Interfaces 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202001882
Boisart C, Maille E (2014) Method for recycling plastic products. Patent WO2014079844A1
Borissova A, Fairweather M, Goltz GE (2006) Combinatorial process and plant design for agile manufacture. Res Eng Des 17:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-006-0013-7
Bösmann A, Datsevich L, Jess A, Lauter A, Schmitz C, Wasserscheid P (2001) Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with ionic liquids. Chem Commun 23:2494–2495. https://doi.org/10.1039/b108411a
Brodhagen M, Peyron M, Miles C, Inglis DA (2015) Biodegradable plastic agricultural mulches and key features of microbial degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:1039–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6267-5
Brown GE, O RC (1974) Method for Recovering Terephthalic Acid and Ethylene Glycol From Polyester Materials
Cámara-Creixell J, Scheel-Mayenberger C (2019) PetStar PET Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling System, a Zero-Waste Circular Economy Business Model. In: Towards Zero Waste. Springer, pp 191–213
Campanelli JR, Kamal MR, Cooper DG (1994) Kinetics of glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) melts. J Appl Polym Sci 54:1731–1740. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070541115
Cano I, Martin C, Fernandes JA, Lodge RW, Dupont J, Casado-Carmona FA, Lucena R, Cardenas S, Sans V, de Pedro I (2020) Paramagnetic ionic liquid-coated SiO2@Fe3O4 nanoparticles—The next generation of magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts applied in the glycolysis of PET. Appl Catal B Environ 260:118110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118110
Capeletti MR, Passamonti FJ (2018) Optimization of reaction parameters in the conversion of PET to produce BHET. Polym Eng Sci 58:1500–1507. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24720
Carta D, Cao G, D’Angeli C (2003a) Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (pet) by hydrolysis and glycolysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 10:390–394. https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2001.12.104.8
Carta D, Cao G, D’Angeli C (2003b) Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (pet) by hydrolysis and glycolysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 10:390–394. https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2001.12.104.8
Chaudhary S, Surekha P, Kumar D, Rajagopal C, Roy PK (2013) Microwave assisted glycolysis of poly(ethylene terepthalate) for preparation of polyester polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 129:2779–2788. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38970
Chaves E, Manezes MT, Sobreiro T (2019) Mini-curso “Corpo conciencinete na intervenção urbana”. Propos para o ENEART 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.112.483.211-a
Chen CH (2003) Study of glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft-drink bottles. III. Further investigation. J Appl Polym Sci 87:2004–2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11694
Chen JY, Ou CF, Hu YC, Lin CC (1991) Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) resin under pressure. J Appl Polym Sci 42:1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420603
Chen F, Wang G, Li W, Yang F (2013a) Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) over Mg-Al mixed oxides catalysts derived from hydrotalcites. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:565–571. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302091j
Chen F, Wang G, Shi C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li W, Yang F (2013b) Kinetics of glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) under microwave irradiation. J Appl Polym Sci 127:2809–2815. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.37608
Chujo Y, Kobayashi H, Yamashita Y (1989) Synthesis of aromatic dicarboxyl-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) macromonomers. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 27:2007–2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270621
Collins MJ, Zeronian SH (1992) The molecular weight distribution and oligomers of sodium hydroxide hydrolyzed poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 45:797–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450505
Čolnik M, Knez Ž, Škerget M (2021) Sub- and supercritical water for chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate waste. Chem Eng Sci 233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2020.116389
Colomines G, Robin JJ, Tersac G (2005) Study of the glycolysis of PET by oligoesters. Polymer (Guildf) 46:3230–3247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.047
Cot S, Leu MK, Kalamiotis A, Dimitrakis G, Sans Sangorrin V, de Pedro I, Cano I (2019) Highly efficient multifunctional ionic liquid for PET glycolysis under microwave irradiation. Chempluschem 84:cplu.201900075. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201900075
Cüçlü G, Kaşgöz A, Özbudak S, Özgümüş S, Orbay M (1998) Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes in xylene. J Appl Polym Sci 69:2311–2319.
David R, Lide BR (2004) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition Edited by David R. Lide (National Institute of Standards and Technology). CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton. 2003. 2616 pp. $139.95. ISBN 0-8493-0484-9. J Am Chem Soc 126:1586–1586. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0336372
de Carvalho GM, Muniz EC, Rubira AF (2006) Hydrolysis of post-consume poly(ethylene terephthalate) with sulfuric acid and product characterization by WAXD, 13C NMR and DSC. Polym Degrad Stab 91:1326–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.08.005
Delle Chiaie KR, McMahon FR, Williams EJ, Price MJ, Dove AP (2020) Dual-catalytic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polym Chem 11:1450–1453. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9PY01920K
Demarteau J, Olazabal I, Jehanno C, Sardon H (2020) Aminolytic upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes using a thermally-stable organocatalyst. Polym Chem 11:4875–4882. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0PY00067A
Dey TK, Uddin ME, Jamal M (2021) Detection and removal of microplastics in wastewater: evolution and impact. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:16925–16947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12943-5
Dong X, Akram A, Comesaña-Gándara B, Dong X, Ge Q, Wang K, Sun S-P, Jin B, Lau CH (2020) Recycling Plastic Waste for Environmental Remediation in Water Purification and CO 2 Capture. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2:2586–2593. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00224
Du J-T, Sun Q, Zeng X-F, Wang D, Wang J-X, Chen J-F (2020) ZnO nanodispersion as pseudohomogeneous catalyst for alcoholysis of polyethylene terephthalate. Chem Eng Sci 220:115642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2020.115642
Duh B (2002) Effect of antimony catalyst on solid-state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polymer (Guildf) 43:3147–3154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00138-6
Dupont J, De Souza RF, Suarez PAZ (2002) Ionic liquid (molten salt) phase organometallic catalysis. Chem Rev 102:3667–3692. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr010338r
Dutt K, Soni RK (2014) Synthesis and characterization of bis-amino ethyl terephthalamide from PET waste and its applications as hardener in DGEBA. Int J Plast Technol 18:16–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-014-9071-2
Esquer R, García JJ (2019) Metal-catalysed Poly(Ethylene) terephthalate and polyurethane degradations by glycolysis. J Organomet Chem 902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120972
Farahat MS, Nikles DE (2001) On the UV curability and mechanical properties of novel binder systems derived from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste for solventless magnetic tape manufacturing, 1: acrylated oligoesters. Macromol Mater Eng 286:695–704.
Farahat MS, Nikles DE (2002) On the UV curability and mechanical properties of novel binder systems derived from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste for solventless magnetic tape manufacturing, 2a: methacrylated oligoesters. Macromol Mater Eng 287:353–362.
Fischer T, Sethi A, Welton T, Woolf J (1999) Diels-Alder reactions in room-temperature ionic liquids. Tetrahedron Lett 40:793–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(98)02415-0
Francis R (2016) Recycling of Polymers. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Fuentes CA, Gallegos MV, García JR, Sambeth J, Peluso MA (2020) Catalytic Glycolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Using Zinc and Cobalt Oxides Recycled from Spent Batteries. Waste and Biomass Valorization 11:4991–5001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00807-6
Fukushima K, Lecuyer JM, Wei DS, Horn HW, Jones GO, Al-Megren HA, Alabdulrahman AM, Alsewailem FD, McNeil MA, Rice JE, Hedrick JL (2013) Advanced chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) through organocatalytic aminolysis. Polym Chem 4:1610–1616. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2py20793a
Galiński M, Lewandowski A, Stępniak I (2006) Ionic liquids as electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 51:5567–5580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.016
Genta M, Yano F, Kondo Y, Matsubara W, Oomoto S (2003) Development of Chemical Recycling Process for Post- Consumer PET Bottles by Methanolysis in Supercritical Methanol. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd, Tech Rev 40:1–4
Genta M, Iwaya T, Sasaki M, Goto M (2007) Supercritical methanol for polyethylene terephthalate depolymerization: observation using simulator. Waste Manag 27:1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.06.005
George N, Kurian T (2014) Recent developments in the chemical recycling of postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:14185–14198. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie501995m
Geyer B, Lorenz G, Kandelbauer A (2016) Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) – A review focusing on chemical methods. Express Polym Lett 10:559–586. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2016.53
Ghaemy M, Mossaddegh K (2005) Depolymerisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibre wastes using ethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 90:570–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.03.011
Goje AS, Mishra S (2003) Chemical kinetics, simulation, and thermodynamics of glycolytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste with catalyst optimization for recycling of value added monomeric products. Macromol Mater Eng 288:326–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200390034
Goje AS, Chauhan YP, Mishra S (2004) Chemical recycling and kinetics of aqueous alkaline depolymerization of poly(butylene terephthalate) waste. Chem Eng Technol 27:790–799. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200401946
Gómez-Serrano V, Adame-Pereira M, Alexandre-Franco M, Fernández-González C (2020) Adsorption of bisphenol A by activated carbon developed from PET waste by KOH activation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–13 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08428-6
Gopinath KP, Nagarajan VM, Krishnan A, Malolan R (2020) A critical review on the influence of energy, environmental and economic factors on various processes used to handle and recycle plastic wastes: Development of a comprehensive index. J. Clean. Prod. 274
Goto M, Koyamoto H, Kodama A, Hirose T, Nagaoka S (2002) Depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate in supercritical methanol. J Phys Condens Matter 14:11427–11430. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/44/494
Grause G, Kaminsky W, Fahrbach G (2004) Hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in a fluidised bed reactor. Polym Degrad Stab 85:571–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.020
Grzebieniak K, Wesołowski J (2004) Glycolysis of PET waste and the use of glycolysis products in the synthesis of degradable co-polyesters. Fibres Text East Eur 12:21–24
Gu JD (2021) Biodegradability of plastics: the issues, recent advances, and future perspectives. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28:1278–1282
Güçlü G, Orbay M (2009) Alkyd resins synthesized from postconsumer PET bottles. Prog Org Coatings 65:362–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2009.02.004
Güçlü G, Yalçinyuva T, Özgümüş S, Orbay M (2003a) Simultaneous glycolysis and hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate and characterization of products by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymer (Guildf) 44:7609–7616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.09.062
Güçlü G, Yalçinyuva T, Özgümüş S, Orbay M (2003b) Hydrolysis of waste polyethylene terephthalate and characterization of products by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochim Acta 404:193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00160-6
Gupta P, Bhandari S (2019) Chemical Depolymerization of PET Bottles via Ammonolysis and Aminolysis. In: Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles. pp 109–134
Gurdeep Singh HK, Yusup S, Quitain AT, Kida T, Sasaki M, Cheah KW, Ameen M (2019) Production of gasoline range hydrocarbons from catalytic cracking of linoleic acid over various acidic zeolite catalysts. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:34039–34046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3223-4
Hagiwara H, Sugawara Y, Isobe K, Hoshi T, Suzuki T (2004) Immobilization of Pd(OAc)2 in ionic liquid on silica: Application to sustainable Mizoroki-Heck reaction. Org Lett 6:2325–2328. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol049343i
Halacheva N, Novakov P (1995) Preparation of oligoester diols by alcoholytic destruction of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polymer (Guildf). https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(95)93119-7
Haque MS (2019) Sustainable use of plastic brick from waste PET plastic bottle as building block in Rohingya refugee camp: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:36163–36183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06843-y
Hejazifar M, Lanaridi O, Bica-Schröder K (2020) Ionic liquid based microemulsions: a review. J Mol Liq 303:112264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112264
Helwani Z, Othman MR, Aziz N, Kim J, Fernando WJN (2009) Solid heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides with methanol: a review. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 363:1–10
Hopewell J, Dvorak R, Kosior E (2009) Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 364:2115–2126
Idumah CI, Zurina M, Ogbu J, Ndem JU, Igba EC (2020) A review on innovations in polymeric nanocomposite packaging materials and electrical sensors for food and agriculture. Compos Interfaces 27:1–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2019.1600972
Imran M, Kim BK, Han M, Cho BG, Kim DH (2010) Sub-and supercritical glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). Polym Degrad Stab 95:1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.05.026
Imran M, Lee KG, Imtiaz Q, Kim BK, Han M, Cho BG, Kim DH (2011) Metal-oxide-doped silica nanoparticles for the catalytic glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate. In: Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. pp 824–828
Imran M, Kim DH, Al-Masry WA, Mahmood A, Hassan A, Haider S, Ramay SM (2013) Manganese-, cobalt-, and zinc-based mixed-oxide spinels as novel catalysts for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) via glycolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 98:904–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.01.007
Inada SKS, Aies C. L.J. (2001) Patent WO2001010812A1, 2001
Inuwa IM, Hassan A, Samsudin SA, Mohamad Kassim MH, Jawaid M (2014) Mechanical and thermal properties of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets reinforced polyethylene terephthalate/polypropylene composites. Polym Compos 35:2029–2035. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22863
Iyim TB, Güclü G, Emik S, Kilinç S, Özgümüş S (2005) Mechanical and migration properties of PVC/waste PET depolymerization products blends. J Macromol Sci - Pure Appl Chem 42(A):801–810. https://doi.org/10.1081/MA-200058667
Jain A, Soni RK (2007) Spectroscopic investigation of end products obtained by ammonolysis of poly (ethylene terephthalate) waste in the presence of zinc acetate as a catalyst. J Polym Res 14:475–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-007-9131-9
Jehanno C, Flores I, Dove AP, Müller AJ, Ruipérez F, Sardon H (2018) Organocatalysed depolymerisation of PET in a fully sustainable cycle using thermally stable protic ionic salt. Green Chem 20:1205–1212. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7gc03396f
Jeong JM, Jin SB, Park HJ, Park SH, Jeon H, Suh H, Park YJ, Seo D, Hwang SY, Kim DH, Choi BG (2020) Large-Scale Fast Fluid Dynamic Processes for the Syntheses of 2D Nanohybrids of Metal Nanoparticle-Deposited Boron Nitride Nanosheet and Their Glycolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Adv Mater Interfaces 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000599
Jia MY, Li Y, Xu LS, Yao CL, Jin XJ (2018) Wood Pulp Fiber Wrapped by Fish-Scale Graphene as Flexible and Free-Standing Supercapacitor Electrode. J Wood Chem Technol 38:417–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2018.1488871
Kandasamy S, Subramaniyan A, Ramasamy G, Ahamed AR, Manickam N, Dhandapani B (2020) Study of alkaline hydrolysis of post consumed polyethylene terephthalate waste. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. p 110001
Kang MJ, Kim HT, Lee MW, Kim KA, Khang TU, Song HM, Park SJ, Joo JC, Cha HG (2020a) A chemo-microbial hybrid process for the production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid as a promising bioplastic monomer from PET waste. Green Chem 22:3461–3469. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00007h
Kang S, Hong SY, Kim N, Oh J, Park M, Chung KY, Lee SS, Lee J, Son JG (2020b) Stretchable Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Re-entrant Micro-honeycomb Electrodes and Cross-Linked Gel Electrolyte. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14:3660–3668. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00187
Kao CY, Cheng WH, Wan BZ (1997) Investigation of catalytic glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochim Acta 292:95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(97)00060-9
Karayannidis GP, Achilias DS (2007) Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Macromol Mater Eng 292:128–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200600341
Karayannidis GP, Chatziavgoustis AP, Achilias DS (2002) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling and recovery of pure terephthalic acid by alkaline hydrolysis. Adv Polym Technol 21:250–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.10029
Kawai F, Kawabata T, Oda M (2019) Current knowledge on enzymatic PET degradation and its possible application to waste stream management and other fields. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103:4253–4268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09717-y
Kenneth P. Blackmon DWFSJS (1988) US4973746A - Process for converting pet scrap to diamine monomers - Google Patents
Khalaf HI, Hasan OA (2012) Effect of quaternary ammonium salt as a phase transfer catalyst for the microwave depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate waste bottles. Chem Eng J 192:45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.081
Khoonkari M, Haghighi AH, Sefidbakht Y, Shekoohi K, Ghaderian A (2015) Chemical Recycling of PET Wastes with Different Catalysts. Int J Polym Sci 2015:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/124524
Kilinç S, Iyim TB, Emik S, Özgümüş S (2005) Recycling of waste PET: usage as secondary plasticizer for PVC. Polym - Plast Technol Eng 44:1379–1388. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550500208228
Kim BK, Kim D, Cho Y, Han M (2008) Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) using a new hybrid process. J Chem Eng Japan 41:923–928. https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.07WE304
Kim HT, Kim JK, Cha HG, Kang MJ, Lee HS, Khang TU, Yun EJ, Lee DH, Song BK, Park SJ, Joo JC, Kim KH (2019) Biological Valorization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Monomers for Upcycling Waste PET. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:19396–19406. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03908
Kojima Y, Takahara M, Matsuoka T, Takahashi H (2001) Studies of glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft-drink bottles. I. Influences of glycolysis conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 80:943–948. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1174
Kosmidis VA, Achilias DS, Karayannidis GP (2001) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling and recovery of pure terephthalic acid. Kinetics of a phase transfer catalyzed alkaline hydrolysis. Macromol Mater Eng 286:640–647
Kosmulski M, Gustafsson J, Rosenholm JB (2004) Thermal stability of low temperature ionic liquids revisited. Thermochim Acta 412:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2003.08.022
Krall EM, Klein TW, Andersen RJ, Reader DS, Dauphinais BC, McIlrath SP, Fischer >Anne A., Carney MJ, Robertson NJ (2014) Controlled hydrogenative depolymerization of polyesters and polycarbonates catalyzed by ruthenium(II) PNN pincer complexes. Chem Commun 50:4884–4887 . https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc00541d
Kubowicz S, Booth AM (2017) Biodegradability of Plastics: Challenges and Misconceptions. Environ Sci Technol 51:12058–12060. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04051
Kumar S, Guria C (2005) Alkaline hydrolysis of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate): a modified shrinking core model. J Macromol Sci - Pure Appl Chem 42(A):237–251. https://doi.org/10.1081/MA-200050346
Kurokawa H, Ohshima MA, Sugiyama K, Miura H (2003) Methanolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the presence of aluminium tiisopropoxide catalyst to form dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 79:529–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00370-1
Lee JJ, Kraus GA (2014) One-pot formal synthesis of biorenewable terephthalic acid from methyl coumalate and methyl pyruvate. Green Chem 16:2111–2116. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc42487a
Li M, Li Y, Lu J, Li X, Lu Y (2018) Decolorization and reusing of PET depolymerization waste liquid by electrochemical method with magnetic nanoelectrodes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:34531–34539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3377-0
Li B, Hu N, Su Y, Yang Z, Shao F, Li G, Zhang C, Zhang Y (2019) Direct Inkjet Printing of Aqueous Inks to Flexible All-Solid-State Graphene Hybrid Micro-Supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:46044–46053. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b12225
Liu Q, Li R, Fang T (2015) Investigating and modeling PET methanolysis under supercritical conditions by response surface methodology approach. Chem Eng J 270:535–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.02.039
Liu B, Lu X, Ju Z, Sun P, Xin J, Yao X, Zhou Q, Zhang S (2018) Ultrafast homogeneous glycolysis of waste polyethylene terephthalate via a dissolution-degradation strategy. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:16239–16245. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03854
Liu B, Fu W, Lu X, Zhou Q, Zhang S (2019) Lewis Acid-Base Synergistic Catalysis for Polyethylene Terephthalate Degradation by 1,3-Dimethylurea/Zn(OAc)2 Deep Eutectic Solvent. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:3292–3300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05324
Liu Y, Yao X, Yao H, Zhou Q, Xin J, Lu X, Zhang S (2020) Degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by metal-free choline-based ionic liquids. Green Chem 22:3122–3131. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC00327A
Lonca G, Lesage P, Majeau-Bettez G, Bernard S, Margni M (2020) Assessing scaling effects of circular economy strategies: a case study on plastic bottle closed-loop recycling in the USA PET market. Resour Conserv Recycl 162:105013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105013
López-Fonseca R, Duque-Ingunza I, de Rivas B, Flores-Giraldo L, Gutiérrez-Ortiz JI (2011) Kinetics of catalytic glycolysis of PET wastes with sodium carbonate. Chem Eng J 168:312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.031
Lotz Rudolf (1959) US3037048A - Process for the purification of crude dimethyl terephthalate - Google Patents
Lusinchi JM, Pietrasanta Y, Robin JJ, Boutevin B (1998) Recycling of PET and PVC wastes. J Appl Polym Sci 69:657–665
Lv B, Huang Q, Zhou Z, Jing G (2020) Novel biphasic amino-functionalized ionic liquid solvent for CO2 capture: kinetics and regeneration heat duty. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:26965–26973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09039-x
Mahdi F, Abbas H, Khan AA (2013) Flexural, shear and bond strength of polymer concrete utilizing recycled resin obtained from post consumer PET bottles. Constr Build Mater 44:798–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.081
Majumdar A, Shukla S, Singh AA, Arora S (2020) Circular fashion: properties of fabrics made from mechanically recycled poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Resour Conserv Recycl 161:104915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104915
Mancini SD, Zanin M (2004) Optimization of neutral hydrolysis reaction of post-consumer PET for chemical recycling. Prog Rubber, Plast Recycl Technol 20:117–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/147776060402000202
Mancini SD, Zanin M (2007) Post consumer pet depolymerization by acid hydrolysis. Polym - Plast Technol Eng 46:135–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550601152945
Mansour SH, Ikladious NE (2002) Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes using 1,4-butanediol and triethylene glycol. Polym Test 21:497–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00115-5
Marten E, Müller RJ, Deckwer WD (2005) Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyesters. II. Aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters. Polym Degrad Stab 88:371–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.001
Masmoudi F, Fenouillot F, Mehri A, Jaziri M, Ammar E (2018) Characterization and quality assessment of recycled post-consumption poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:23307–23314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2390-7
Matsumoto H, Yanagida M, Tanimoto K, Nomura M, Kitagawa Y, Miyazaki Y (2000) Highly conductive room temperature molten salts based on small trimethylalkylammonium cations and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Chem Lett:922–923. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2000.922
McKeown P, Kamran M, Davidson MG, Jones MD, Román-Ramírez LA, Wood J (2020) Organocatalysis for versatile polymer degradation. Green Chem 22:3721–3726. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC01252A
Meijide J, Pazos M, Sanromán MÁ (2019) Heterogeneous electro-Fenton catalyst for 1-butylpyridinium chloride degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:3145–3156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0403-6
Merkel DR, Kuang W, Malhotra D, Petrossian G, Zhong L, Simmons KL, Zhang J, Cosimbescu L (2020) Waste PET Chemical Processing to Terephthalic Amides and Their Effect on Asphalt Performance. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:5615–5625. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00036
Milan Irek JJ (2001) US6649792B2 - Method of chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate waste - Google Patents
Miller SA (2013) Sustainable polymers: opportunities for the next decade. ACS Macro Lett 2:550–554. https://doi.org/10.1021/mz400207g
Mishra S, Goje AS (2003a) Kinetic and thermodynamic study of methanolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste powder. Polym Int 52:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1147
Mishra S, Goje AS (2003b) Chemical Recycling, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Alkaline Depolymerization of Waste Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET). Polym React Eng 11:963–987. https://doi.org/10.1081/PRE-120026382
Mishra S, Zope VS, Goje AS (2002) Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of depolymerisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by saponification reaction. Polym Int 51:1310–1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.873
Mittal A, Soni RK, Dutt K, Singh S (2010) Scanning electron microscopic study of hazardous waste flakes of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by aminolysis and ammonolysis. J Hazard Mater 178:390–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.092
More AP, Kute RA, Mhaske ST (2014) Chemical conversion of PET waste using ethanolamine to bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (BHETA) through aminolysis and a novel plasticizer for PVC. Iran Polym J (English Ed) 23:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-013-0200-0
Musale RM, Shukla SR (2016) Deep eutectic solvent as effective catalyst for aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. Int J Plast Technol 20:106–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-016-9134-7
Myren THT, Stinson TA, Mast ZJ, Huntzinger CG, Luca OR (2020) Chemical and Electrochemical Recycling of End-Use Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Plastics in Batch. Microwave and Electrochemical Reactors. Molecules 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122742
Nabid MR, Bide Y, Jafari M (2019) Boron nitride nanosheets decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic bifunctional catalyst for post-consumer PET wastes recycling. Polym Degrad Stab 169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108962
Nagase Y, Yamagata M, Fukuzato R (1999) Development of a chemical recycling process for waste plastics using supercritical water. KOBELCO Technol Rev:11–14
Nevrekar NB, Sheth NS (1990) Depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate - a study. Man-made Text India 33
Nguyen DM, Vu TN, Nguyen TML, Nguyen TD, Thuc CNH, Bui QB, Colin J, Perré P (2020) Synergistic influences of stearic acid coating and recycled PET microfibers on the enhanced properties of composite materials. Materials (Basel):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061461
Nikles DE, Farahat MS (2005) New Motivation for the Depolymerization Products Derived from Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) Waste: a review. Macromol Mater Eng 290:13–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200400186
Olah GA, Goeppert A, Prakash GKS (2009) Chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and dimethyl ether: from greenhouse gas to renewable, environmentally carbon neutral fuels and synthetic hydrocarbons. J Org Chem 74:487–498. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo801260f
Ostrysz R (1969) Nienasycone Kopoliestry Blokowe O Wlasnosciach Tiksotropowych. Polimery 14:204–207
Padhan RK, Sreeram A (2019) Chemical Depolymerization of PET Bottles via Combined Chemolysis Methods. In: Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles. pp 135–147
Pandi N, Sonawane SH, Kola AK, Zore UK, Borse PH, Ambade SB, Ashokkumar M (2021) Halloysite nanotubes-based supercapacitor: preparation using sonochemical approach and its electrochemical performance. Energy, Ecol Environ 6:13–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00174-2
Parab YS, Shukla SR (2013) Novel synthesis, characterization of N1,N1,N 4,N4-tetrakis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (THETA) and Terephthalic Acid (TPA) by depolymerization of PET bottle waste using diethanolamine. J Macromol Sci Part A Pure Appl Chem 50:1149–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2013.830004
Pardal F, Tersac G (2006) Comparative reactivity of glycols in PET glycolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 91:2567–2578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.05.016
Park SH, Kim SH (2014) Poly (ethylene terephthalate) recycling for high value added textiles. Fash. Text. 1
M. Parravicini (n.d.) MCMVB (Italy) Patent WO2013014650A1, 2013
Paszun D, Spychaj T (1997) Chemical Recycling of Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Ind Eng Chem Res 36:1373–1383. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie960563c
Patnaik S, Kumar S, Panda AK (2020) Thermal degradation of eco-friendly alternative plastics: kinetics and thermodynamics analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:14991–15000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07919-w
Perumal M, Balraj A, Jayaraman D, Krishnan J (2020) Experimental investigation of density, viscosity, and surface tension of aqueous tetrabutylammonium-based ionic liquids. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11174-4
Pingale ND, Shukla SR (2008) Microwave assisted ecofriendly recycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste. Eur Polym J 44:4151–4156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.09.019
Pudack C, Stepanski M, Fässler P (2020) PET Recycling – Contributions of Crystallization to Sustainability. Chemie Ing Tech 92:452–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201900085
Pusztaszeri SF, Pl C (1981) (52) (58) Method for Recovery of Terephthalic Acid From Polyester Scrap. US Pat 4,355,175
Radenkov P, Radenkov M, Grancharov G, Troev K (2003) Direct usage of products of poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycolysis for manufacturing of glass-fibre-reinforced plastics. Eur Polym J 39:1223–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00331-2
Raheem AB, Noor ZZ, Hassan A, Abd Hamid MK, Samsudin SA, Sabeen AH (2019) Current developments in chemical recycling of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate wastes for new materials production: a review. J Clean Prod 225:1052–1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.019
Rahimi SR, Nikbin IM, Allahyari H, Habibi TS (2016) Sustainable approach for recycling waste tire rubber and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to produce green concrete with resistance against sulfuric acid attack. J Clean Prod 126:166–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.074
Richard K. Hallmark MJSWDS (1984) EP0152915A2 - Digestion products of polyalkylene terephthalate polymers and polycarboxylic acid-containing polyols and polymeric foams obtained therefrom - Google Patents
Rieckmann TH, Volker S (2004) Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters. Mod Polyesters Chem Technol Polyesters Copolyesters:31–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470090685
Robert A., Grigsby JGPS (1984) US4536522A - Manufacture of polyols and rigid polyurethane foam using thiodialkylene glycols - Google Patents
Rodriguez F, Cohen C, Ober CK, Archer LA (2014) Principles of polymer systems, sixth edition
Roslaniec Z, Pietkiewicz D (2002) Synthesis and Characteristics of Polyester-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers: Chemical Aspects: Sections 1–5. Handb Thermoplast Polyesters 579–629 . https://doi.org/10.1002/3527601961.ch13a
Saint-Loup R, Robin JJ, Boutevin B, Argalon M, Michel A (2002) Synthesis of hydroxytelechelic ε-caprolactone/poly(ethylene terephthalate) co-oligomers, 1. Macromol Chem Phys 203:1249–1256
Saint-Loup R, Robin JJ, Boutevin B (2003) Synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate)-block-poly (tetramethylene oxide) copolymer by direct polyesterification of reactive oligomers. Macromol Chem Phys 204:970–982. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200390072
Sangalang A, Bartolome L, Kim DH (2015) Generalized kinetic analysis of heterogeneous PET glycolysis: nucleation-controlled depolymerization. Polym Degrad Stab 115:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.02.012
Sardon H, Li ZC (2020) Introduction to plastics in a circular economy. Polym Chem 11:4828–4829. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0py90117b
Scheirs J (1998) Polymer recycling: Science, Technology and Applications
Schmidt S, Laner D, Van Eygen E, Stanisavljevic N (2020) Material efficiency to measure the environmental performance of waste management systems: a case study on PET bottle recycling in Austria, Germany and Serbia. Waste Manag 110:74–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.011
Shamsaei M, Aghayan I, Kazemi KA (2017) Experimental investigation of using cross-linked polyethylene waste as aggregate in roller compacted concrete pavement. J Clean Prod 165:290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.109
Shamsi R, Abdouss M, Sadeghi GMM, Taromi FA (2009) Synthesis and characterization of novel polyurethanes based on aminolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes, and evaluation of their thermal and mechanical properties. Polym Int 58:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2488
Shen L, Worrell E, Patel MK (2010) Open-loop recycling: a LCA case study of PET bottle-to-fibre recycling. Resour Conserv Recycl 55:34–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.06.014
Shonnard D, Tipaldo E, Thompson V, Pearce J, Caneba G, Handler R (2019a) Systems analysis for PET and olefin polymers in a circular economy. Procedia CIRP 80:602–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.072
Shonnard D, Tipaldo E, Thompson V, Pearce J, Caneba G, Handler R (2019b) Systems analysis for PET and olefin polymers in a circular economy. In: Procedia CIRP. pp 602–606
Shukla SR, Harad AM (2006) Aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate waste. Polym Degrad Stab 91:1850–1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.005
Shukla SR, Kulkarni KS (2002) Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste. J Appl Polym Sci 85:1765–1770. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10714
Shukla SR, Palekar V, Pingale N (2008) Zeolite catalyzed glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate bottle waste. J Appl Polym Sci 110:501–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28656
Siddiqui MN, Redhwi HH, Achilias DS (2012) Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste through methanolic pyrolysis in a microwave reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 98:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.09.007
Singh N, Hui D, Singh R, Ahuja IPS, Feo L, Fraternali F (2017) Recycling of plastic solid waste: a state of art review and future applications. Compos Part B Eng 115:409–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.013
Singh S, Sharma S, Umar A, Mehta SK, Bhatti MS, Kansal SK (2018) Recycling of Waste Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Bottles by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Recovery of Pure Nanospindle-Shaped Terephthalic Acid. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 18:5804–5809. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2018.15363
Sinha V, Patel MR, Patel JV (2010) Pet Waste Management by Chemical Recycling: a review. J Polym Environ 18:8–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-008-0106-7
Spasojević PM, Panić VV, Džunuzović JV, Marinković AD, Woortman AJJ, Loos K, Popović IG (2015) High performance alkyd resins synthesized from postconsumer PET bottles. RSC Adv 5:62273–62283. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11777a
Spychaj T (2002) Chemical Recycling of PET: Methods and Products. In: Handbook of Thermoplastic Polyesters. Wiley, pp 1252–1290
Subramanian P (2000) Plastics recycling and waste management in the US. Resour Conserv Recycl 28:253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(99)00049-X
Suh DJ, Park OO, Yoon KH (2000) The properties of unsaturated polyester based on the glycolyzed poly(ethylene terephthalate) with various glycol compositions. Polymer (Guildf) 41:461–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00168-8
Sun J, Liu D, Young RP, Cruz AG, Isern NG, Schuerg T, Cort JR, Simmons BA, Singh S (2018) Solubilization and Upgrading of High Polyethylene Terephthalate Loadings in a Low-Costing Bifunctional Ionic Liquid. ChemSusChem 11:781–792. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201701798
Suo Q, Zi J, Bai Z, Qi S (2017) The Glycolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Promoted by Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Catalysts. Catal Letters 147:240–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-016-1897-0
Tang H, Li N, Li G, Wang A, Cong Y, Xu G, Wang X, Zhang T (2019) Synthesis of gasoline and jet fuel range cycloalkanes and aromatics from poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste. Green Chem 21:2709–2719. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc00571d
Tawfik ME, Eskander SB (2010) Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste using ethanolamine. Sorting of the end products. Polym Degrad Stab 95:187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.026
Tawfik ME, Ahmed NM, Eskander SB (2011) Aminolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes based on sunlight and utilization of the end product [bis(2-hydroxyethylene) terephthalamide] as an ingredient in the anticorrosive paints for the protection of steel structures. J Appl Polym Sci 120:2842–2855. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.33350
Tew KD (1986) Differences in the Nuclear Matrix Phosphoproteins of a Wild-type and Nitrogen Mustard-resistant Rat Breast Carcinoma Cell Line
Tournier V, Topham CM, Gilles A, David B, Folgoas C, Moya-Leclair E, Kamionka E, Desrousseaux M-L, Texier H, Gavalda S, Cot M, Guémard E, Dalibey M, Nomme J, Cioci G, Barbe S, Chateau M, André I, Duquesne S, Marty A (2020) An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles. Nature 580:216–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2149-4
Troev K, Grancharov G, Tsevi R, Gitsov I (2003) Erratum: a novel catalyst for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2003) 90 (1148)). J Appl Polym Sci 90:2301. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12711
Ügdüler S, Van Geem KM, Denolf R, Roosen M, Mys N, Ragaert K, De Meester S (2020) Towards closed-loop recycling of multilayer and coloured PET plastic waste by alkaline hydrolysis. Green Chem 22:5376–5394. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC00894J
Vaidya UR, Nadkarni VM (1987a) Unsaturated polyesters from PET waste: kinetics of polycondensation. J Appl Polym Sci 34:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340120
Vaidya UR, Nadkarni VM (1987b) Unsaturated Polyester Resins from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste. 1. Synthesis and Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 26:194–198. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00062a003
Vaidya UR, Nadkarni VM (1988) Polyester polyols for polyurethanes from pet waste: kinetics of polycondensation. J Appl Polym Sci 35:775–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350317
Van-Pham D-T, Le Q-H, Lam T-N, Nguyen C-N, Sakai W (2020) Four-factor optimization for PET glycolysis with consideration of the effect of sodium bicarbonate catalyst using response surface methodology. Polym Degrad Stab 179:109257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109257
Velásquez E, Garrido L, Valenzuela X, Galotto MJ, Guarda A, López de Dicastillo C (2020) Physical properties and safety of 100% post-consumer PET bottle -organoclay nanocomposites towards a circular economy. Sustain Chem Pharm 17:100285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100285
Ver A. Chilukuri SS (1994) US5451611A - Process for the conversion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste to poly(alkylene terephthalate) - Google Patents
Veregue FR, Pereira Da Silva CT, Moisés MP, Meneguin JG, Guilherme MR, Arroyo PA, Favaro SL, Radovanovic E, Girotto EM, Rinaldi AW (2018) Ultrasmall cobalt nanoparticles as a catalyst for PET glycolysis: a green protocol for pure hydroxyethyl terephthalate precipitation without water. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:12017–12024. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02294
Viana ME, Riul A, Carvalho GM, Rubira AF, Muniz EC (2011) Chemical recycling of PET by catalyzed glycolysis: Kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction. Chem Eng J 173:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.031
Viksne A, Kalnins M, Rence L, Berzina R (2002) Unsaturated polyester resins based on pet waste products from glycolysis by ethylene, propylene, and diethylene glycols and their mixtures. Arab J Sci Eng 27:33–42
M. Vilaplana Artigas LMRDGVPCGSTH (Ioniqa TBV. N. (2014) Patent US10266479B2, 2014
Vogel K, Wei R, Pfaff L, Breite D, Al-Fathi H, Ortmann C, Estrela-Lopis I, Venus T, Schulze A, Harms H, Bornscheuer UT, Maskow T (2021) Enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics analyzed in real time by isothermal titration calorimetry. Sci Total Environ:773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145111
Wang H, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhang Y (2009) Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by ionic liquids. Eur Polym J 45:1535–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.01.025
Wang H, Yan R, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhang S (2010) Fe-containing magnetic ionic liquid as an effective catalyst for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Catal Commun 11:763–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2010.02.011
Wang Q, Lu X, Zhou X, Zhu M, He H, Zhang X (2013) 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium halometallate ionic liquids as efficient catalysts for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 129:3574–3581. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38706
Wang Q, Geng Y, Lu X, Zhang S (2015a) First-row transition metal-containing ionic liquids as highly active catalysts for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:340–348. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc5007522
Wang Q, Yao X, Geng Y, Zhou Q, Lu X, Zhang S (2015b) Deep eutectic solvents as highly active catalysts for the fast and mild glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET). Green Chem 17:2473–2479. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4gc02401j
Wang J, Shoup TM, Brownell AL, Zhang Z (2019a) Improved synthesis of the thiophenol precursor N-(4-chloro-3-mercaptophenyl)picolinamide for making the mGluR4 PET ligands. Tetrahedron 75:3917–3922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2019.06.010
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Song H, Wang Y, Deng T, Hou X (2019b) Zinc-catalyzed ester bond cleavage: chemical degradation of polyethylene terephthalate. J Clean Prod 208:1469–1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.117
Wang L, Nelson GA, Toland J, Holbrey JD (2020a) Glycolysis of PET Using 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2-Carboxylate as an Organocatalyst. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:13362–13368. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04108
Wang Y, Hong Y, Zhou G, Wang X, Song J, He W, Gao Z, Zhang W, Sun R, Sun Y, Ai K, Li Q (2020b) Mechanism of a catalytic silver(I)-complex: assisted electroless deposition of inductance coil on poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 31:8165–8173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03289-8
Wei R, Zimmermann W (2017) Microbial enzymes for the recycling of recalcitrant petroleum-based plastics: how far are we? Microb Biotechnol 10:1308–1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12710
Welle F (2011) Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling—An overview. Resour Conserv Recycl 55:865–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.04.009
William K Easley JKLJBB (1955) US2857363A - Catalytic production of polyethylene terephthalate - Google Patents
Wu Y, Feng S (2001) Unsaturated polyester resins based on recycled PET: preparation and curing behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 80:1052–1057. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1189
Xi G, Lu M, Sun C (2005) Study on depolymerization of waste polyethylene terephthalate into monomer of bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate). Polym Degrad Stab 87:117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.017
Yamashita M, Mukai H, ヤマシタマサカズ, ムカイヒデユキ, 山下正和, 向井英之 (2011) Alkaline hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate at lower reaction temperature. 同志社大学理工学研究報告 = Sci Eng Rev Doshisha Univ 52:143–148 . 10.14988/pa.2017.0000012470
Yang YL, Kou Y (2004) PDetermination of the Lewis acidity of ionic liquids by means of an IR spectroscopic probe. Chem Commun 4:226–227. https://doi.org/10.1039/b311615h
Yang Y, Lu Y, Xiang H, Xu Y, Li Y (2002) Study on methanolytic depolymerization of PET with supercritical methanol for chemical recycling. Polym Degrad Stab 75:185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00217-8
Yasir AH, Khalaf AS, Khalaf MN (2017) Preparation and Characterization of Oligomer from Recycled PET and Evaluated as a Corrosion Inhibitor for C-Steel Material in 0.1 M HCl. Open J Org Polym Mater 07:1–15. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2017.71001
Yoshioka T, Sato T, Okuwaki A (1994) Hydrolysis of waste PET by sulfuric acid at 150°C for a chemical recycling. J Appl Polym Sci 52:1353–1355. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070520919
Yoshioka T, Motoki T, Okuwaki A (2001) Kinetics of hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) powder in sulfuric acid by a modified shrinking-core model. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:75–79. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie000592u
Yue QF, Wang CX, Zhang LN, Ni Y, Jin YX (2011) Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using basic ionic liquids as catalysts. Polym Degrad Stab 96:399–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.020
Yue Q, Xiao L, Zhang M, Bai X (2013a) The Glycolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste: Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids as High Efficient Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 5:1258–1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym5041258
Yue QF, Xiao LF, Zhang ML, Bai XF (2013b) The glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste: lewis acidic ionic liquids as high efficient catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 5:1258–1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym5041258
Yue QF, Yang HG, Zhang ML (2014) Bai XF (2014) Metal-containing ionic liquids: highly effective catalysts for degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/454756
Zahn H, Pfeifer H (1963) Aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate. Polymer (Guildf) 4:429–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(63)90055-7
Zhao Y, Liu M, Zhao R, Liu F, Ge X, Yu S (2018) Heterogeneous CaO(SrO, BaO)/MCF as highly active and recyclable catalysts for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Res Chem Intermed 44:7711–7729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-018-3582-y
Zhou J, Li M, Zhong L, Zhang F, Zhang G (2017) Aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate fabric by a method involving the gradual concentration of dilute ethylenediamine. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 513:146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.016
Zhou L, Lu X, Ju Z, Liu B, Yao H, Xu J, Zhou Q, Hu Y, Zhang S (2019) Alcoholysis of polyethylene terephthalate to produce dioctyl terephthalate using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents as efficient catalysts. Green Chem 21:897–906. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03791d
Zumstein MT, Schintlmeister A, Nelson TF, Baumgartner R, Woebken D, Wagner M, Kohler HPE, McNeill K, Sander M (2018) Biodegradation of synthetic polymers in soils: tracking carbon into CO2 and microbial biomass. Sci Adv 4. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aas9024
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to gratefully thank the Research Affairs Division of the Amir Kabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran, Iran, for their financial support.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
This research was funded by the Research Affairs Division of the Amir Kabir University of Technology (AUT).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EK and SR conceived of the presented idea, designed and directed the project. NN and FBA wrote the manuscript with support from EK. MHG explained the mechanical aspects of the reactions and analyzed the data. EK and SR helped supervise the project. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghasemi, M.H., Neekzad, N., Ajdari, F.B. et al. Mechanistic aspects of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling–toward enabling high quality sustainability decisions in waste management. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 43074–43101 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14925-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14925-z