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Exploring the influence of contributing factors and impact degree on bus emissions in real-world conditions

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Abstract

Buses in urban have environmental problems because they are mostly having higher emission factors and pollution levels. This study analyzed the contributing factors on bus emissions including NOX, CO, HC, and CO2 and further evaluated the impact degree of these factors. A back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was applied, and the results showed that the composition of pollutant emissions for different fuel types was various. BPNN can be utilized to solve the multifactor, uncertainty, and nonlinearity problems without making any prior presumptions about the data distribution. Among them, diesel buses under EURO-IV and EURO-V emission standards were more likely to produce higher emissions of CO and NOX. By contrast, the emission level of CO and NOX for compressed natural gas bus was lower, but the emission level of CO2 and HC was heavier. In this study, nine variables, namely, speed, acceleration, passenger load, past speed, past acceleration, acceleration time, delay time, stops, and location were selected to investigate their effects on bus emissions. The results showed that factors delay time, location, and stops had the strongest impacts on bus emissions. By contrast, bus emissions were not sensitive to past speed and passenger load. In addition, to fully understand the influence of contributing factors, the impact degree of all these factors on bus emissions was summarized in this study.

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Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Jiangsu Province Science Fund for Key Research and Development Program (BE2020690), National Natural Science Foundation of China (52072066), Jiangsu Province Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (BK20200014), and Science and Technology Innovation Project for Overseas Scholars of Nanjing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People’s Republic of China

    Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye & Hui Bi

  2. Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People’s Republic of China

    Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye & Hui Bi

Authors
  1. Chao Wang
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  2. Zhirui Ye
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  3. Hui Bi
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Contributions

The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye; data collection: Chao Wang, Hui Bi; analysis and interpretation of results: Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye, Hui Bi; draft manuscript preparation: Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye, Hui Bi. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Chao Wang.

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Wang, C., Ye, Z. & Bi, H. Exploring the influence of contributing factors and impact degree on bus emissions in real-world conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 36092–36101 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12945-3

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