Abstract
Thermal barrier coating (TBC) implementations and oxygenated additives are remarkable issues that may decrease the exhaust emissions of engines. This study examines the effect of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) coating and the addition of ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) on exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. In addition, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was designed which estimates exhaust emissions based on engine speed in order to reduce time, labor, and costs lost in experimental studies, and the performance of the ANN was evaluated. Piston crown and valves of engine were processed with Cr2O3. The E3, E6, and E9 blends were produced by blending 3%, 6%, and 9% (vol.) ratios of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate with diesel fuel. Engine speed was used as input parameter and carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOX), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke density were used as output parameters. To evaluate the performance of ANN, error rates, and regression (R) values were considered. Experimental results revealed that CO, HC, and smoke density decreased in the CE whereas NOX values increased compared with the UE. The addition of EHN reduced NOX emission and smoke density, whereas it increased CO and HC emissions. The result showed that ANN model can predict the exhaust emissions at a high accuracy rate. The lowest regression results were achieved as 0.98395, 0.99047, 0.99268, and 0.98383 for the CO, NOX, smoke density, and HC, respectively. Moreover, the average R values of NOX, HC, CO, and smoke density were obtained as 0.99767, 0.99131, 0.99396, and 0.99741. The maximum error rates of the estimated outcomes were obtained as 5.25% on average.
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Abbreviations
- EHN:
-
2-Ethylhexyl nitrate
- CE:
-
Coated engine
- UE:
-
Uncoated engine
- TBC:
-
Thermal barrier coating
- ANN:
-
Artificial Neural Network
- μm:
-
Micron meter
- Cr3C2 :
-
Chromium oxide
- Al2O3 :
-
Alumina
- E3:
-
3% ethylhexyl nitrate + 97% diesel fuel
- E6:
-
6% ethylhexyl nitrate + 94% diesel fuel
- E9:
-
9% ethylhexyl nitrate + 91% diesel fuel
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- NOx:
-
Nitrogen oxides
- ppm:
-
Part per million
- rpm:
-
Revolution per minute
- LM:
-
Levenberg–Marquardt
- MAPE:
-
Mean absolute percentage error
- MSE:
-
Mean-square error
- R :
-
Correlation coefficient
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciations to Firat University for the monetary assistance of this research.
Funding
This research was funded by the Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit under Project No. TEKF.17.20.
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Highlights
• CO, HC, and smoke density decreased and NOX was slightly increased by the Cr2O3 coating process in a diesel engine.
• 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) was added to diesel fuel with the ratio of 3%, 6%, and 9%, by volume.
• Lower NOX and smoke density and higher HC and CO values were obtained with the EHN usage.
• NOX, CO, HC, and smoke density values were significantly reduced by addition of EHN in the coated diesel engine.
• NOX, CO, HC, and smoke density values were predicted with high accuracy by ANN model.
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Sevinc, H., Hazar, H. Investigation of exhaust emissions of an isolated diesel engine blended with ethylhexyl nitrate using experimental and ANN approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 33753–33772 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09373-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09373-0