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Legionella detection and subgrouping in water air-conditioning cooling tower systems in Kuwait

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Abstract

The main aim of the study was to test for the presence of Legionnaires’ disease-causing microorganisms in air-conditioned buildings in Kuwait using molecular technologies. For this purpose, 547 samples were collected from 38 cooling towers for the analysis of Legionella pneumophila. These samples included those from water (n = 178), air (n = 231), and swabs (n = 138). Out of the 547 samples, 226 (41 %) samples were presumptive positive for L. pneumophila, with L. pneumophila viable counts in the positive water samples ranging from 1 to 88 CFU/ml. Of the Legionella culture-positive samples, 204 isolates were examined by latex agglutination. These isolates were predominately identified as L. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 2–14. Using the Dresden panel of monoclonal antibodies, 74 representatives isolates were further serogrouped. Results showed that 51 % of the isolates belonged to serogroup 7 followed by 1 (18 %) and 3 (18 %). Serogroups 4 (4 %) and 10 (7 %) were isolated at a lower frequency, and two isolates could not be assigned to a serogroup. These results indicate the wide prevalence of L. pneumophila serogroup 7 as the predominant serogroup at the selected sampling sites. Furthermore, the 74 L. pneumophila (sg1 = 13; sg3 = 13; sg4 = 3; sg7 = 38; sg10 = 5; sgX = 2) isolates were genotyped using the seven gene protocol sequence-based typing (SBT) scheme developed by the European Working Group for Legionella Infections (EWGLI). The results show that Legionella isolates were discriminated into nine distinct sequence typing (ST) profiles, five of which were new to the SBT database of EWGLI. Additionally, all of the ST1 serogroup 1 isolates were of the OLDA/Oxford subgroup. These baseline data will form the basis for the development of a Legionella environmental surveillance program and used for future epidemiological investigations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) for their kind funding and support for this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, P. O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait

    Qadreyah Al-Matawah, Sameer Al-Zenki, Ahmad Al-Azmi, Tahani Al-Waalan, Fadila Al-Salameen & Ahmad Ben Hejji

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  1. Qadreyah Al-Matawah
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  2. Sameer Al-Zenki
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  3. Ahmad Al-Azmi
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  4. Tahani Al-Waalan
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  5. Fadila Al-Salameen
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  6. Ahmad Ben Hejji
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Correspondence to Qadreyah Al-Matawah.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Al-Matawah, Q., Al-Zenki, S., Al-Azmi, A. et al. Legionella detection and subgrouping in water air-conditioning cooling tower systems in Kuwait. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 10235–10241 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4226-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4226-z

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