Abstract
It has been known that second-hand smoking and deprivation could cluster together affecting child health. However, little is known on the role of household smoking rules. Therefore, it was aimed to study the relationships among indoor second-hand smoking, household smoking rules, deprivation level and children mental health in a country-wide and population-based setting. Data was retrieved from and analysed in Scottish Health Survey, 2013. Information on demographics, indoor second-hand smoking status, household smoking rules, deprivation level and child mental health by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was obtained by household interview through parents. Statistical analysis included chi-square test and survey-weighted logistic regression modelling. Of 1019 children aged 4–12, 17.9 % (n = 182) lived in the 15 % most deprivation areas. Deprived areas tended to be where indoor smoking occurred (p < 0.001). The top three sub-regions of the 15 % most deprivation for Scottish children are greater Glasgow, Ayrshire & Arran and Forth Valley while the top three sub-regions of exposure to the indoor second-hand smoking are Fife, Forth Valley and Ayrshire & Arran. The top three sub-regions with indoor smoking allowed are greater Glasgow, Western Isles and Borders. Children emotional and behavioural problems were reduced when the strict household smoking rules (not allowed or outdoor areas) applied. One in six Scottish children lived in the 15 % most deprivation areas and exposed to indoor second-hand smoking that could have led to emotional and behavioural problems. Public health programs promoting strict household smoking rules should be encouraged in order to optimise children mental health.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asbridge M, Cartwright J (2011) The relationship of home smoking bans to the physical and mental health of smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 13:70–77
Bailey SR, Goedeker KC, Tiffany ST (2010) The impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on cue-reactivity in smokers. Addiction 105:364–372
Bandiera FC, Richardson AK, Lee DJ, He JP, Merikangas KR (2011) Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health among children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 165:332–338
Bauman KE, Flewelling RL, LaPrelle J (1991) Parental cigarette smoking and cognitive performance of children. Health Psychol 10:282–288
Bond L, Egan M, Kearns A, Clark J, Tannahill C (2013) Smoking and intention to quit in deprived areas of Glasgow: is it related to housing improvements and neighbourhood regeneration because of improved mental health? J Epidemiol Community Health 67:299–304
Burgess DJ, Fu SS, van Ryn M (2009) Potential unintended consequences of tobacco-control policies on mothers who smoke: a review of the literature. Am J Prev Med 37:S151–S158
Caspi A, Taylor A, Moffitt TE, Plomin R (2000) Neighborhood deprivation affects children’s mental health: environmental risks identified in a genetic design. Psychol Sci 11:338–342
Goodman R (1997) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38:581–586
Gunnell DJ, Peters TJ, Kammerling RM, Brooks J (1995) Relation between parasuicide, suicide, psychiatric admissions, and socioeconomic deprivation. BMJ 311:226–230
Haines MM, Stansfeld SA, Job RF, Berglund B, Head J (2001) Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children. Psychol Med 31:265–277
Hamer M, Ford T, Stamatakis E, Dockray S, Batty GD (2011) Objectively measured secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in children: evidence from the Scottish Health Survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 165:326–331
Lakshman R, McConville A, How S, Flowers J, Wareham N, Cosford P (2011) Association between area-level socioeconomic deprivation and a cluster of behavioural risk factors: cross-sectional, population-based study. J Public Health (Oxf) 33:234–245
Latimer K, Wilson P, Kemp J, Thompson L, Sim F, Gillberg C, Puckering C, Minnis H (2012) Disruptive behaviour disorders: a systematic review of environmental antenatal and early years risk factors. Child Care Health Dev 38:611–628
Levin KA (2012) Glasgow smiles better: an examination of adolescent mental well-being and the ‘Glasgow effect’. Public Health 126:96–103
Mathur C, Stigler MH, Erickson DJ, Perry CL, Forster JL (2014) Transitions in smoking behavior during emerging adulthood: a longitudinal analysis of the effect of home smoking bans. Am J Public Health 104:715–720
McLaughlin KA, Fox NA, Zeanah CH, Sheridan MA, Marshall P, Nelson CA (2010) Delayed maturation in brain electrical activity partially explains the association between early environmental deprivation and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 68:329–336
Pryce CR, Dettling AC, Spengler M, Schnell CR, Feldon J (2004) Deprivation of parenting disrupts development of homeostatic and reward systems in marmoset monkey offspring. Biol Psychiatry 56:72–79
Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP (2005) Area deprivation and child psychosocial problems—a national cross-sectional study among school-aged children. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:18–23
Reiss F (2013) Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 90:24–31
Renzaho AM, Karantzas G (2010) Effects of parental perception of neighbourhood deprivation and family environment characteristics on pro-social behaviours among 4–12 year old children. Aust N Z J Public Health 34:405–411
Rosewich M, Adler S, Zielen S (2008) Effects of active and secondhand smoking on the health of children and adolescents. Pneumologie 62:423–429
Shiue I (2014a) Effect of smoking ban at home on adult cardiovascular health: Scottish Health Survey, 2012. Int J Cardiol 176:268–269
Shiue I (2014b) Prevalence and psychiatric correlates of neighbourhood satisfaction and its impact on adolescent behaviours: UK understanding society cohort, 2011-2012. Environ Res 134C:390–395
Stansfeld S, Head J, Bartley M, Fonagy P (2008) Social position, early deprivation and the development of attachment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:516–526
The Scottish Government (1995) Scottish Health Survey
Tiesler CM, Chen CM, Sausenthaler S, Herbarth O, Lehmann I, Schaaf B, Krämer U, von Berg A, von Kries R, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J (2011) LISA Study Group. secondhand smoking and behavioral problems in children: results from the LISAplus prospective birth cohort study. Environ Res 111:1173–1179
van der Linden J, Drukker M, Gunther N, Feron F, van Os J (2003) Children’s mental health service use, neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation, and social capital. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38:507–514
Acknowledgments
IS is supported by the Global Platform for Research Leaders scheme.
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shiue, I. Correlations of indoor second-hand smoking, household smoking rules, regional deprivation and children mental health: Scottish Health Survey, 2013. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 9858–9863 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4160-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4160-0