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A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters

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Abstract

Many epidemiological studies from all over the world have reported that populations of rural and urban environments differ in their health issues due to the differences in the countrywide pollution pattern. In developing countries, various occupational cohorts and subsections of the population in urban and rural areas are routinely exposed to several environmentally widespread contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over hundred different compounds and have ubiquitous presence in rural and urban environments. Smoke from the combustion of biomass fuel contains a high concentration of carcinogenic PAHs, which are related with several human morbidities. The sources and types of biomass fuel are diverse and wide in distribution. Limited numbers of literature reports have focused the significant impact of PAHs on several components of blood, both in human and wildlife. The toxicity of PAHs to rapidly dividing cells (e.g., bone marrow cells) and other tissues is largely attributed to their reactive oxygenated metabolites, potential of causing oxidative stress, and the adducts of their metabolites with DNA. This review aims to encompass the blood-related effects of PAHs and associated human health risks—an aspect that needs further research—on the population of developing countries of the world in particular.

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Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

ATSDR:

Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry

B(a)P:

Benzo(a)pyrene

BPDE:

Benzo(a)pyrene-diol-epoxides

BPQs:

B(a)P-quinones

CAT:

Catalase

CRP:

C-reactive proteins

DEPs:

Diesel exhaust particles

DHHS:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

PM:

Particulate matter

ESR:

Erythrocytes sedimentation rate

ETC:

Electron transport chain

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Glutathione

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

Hb:

Haemoglobin

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

MCV:

Mean cell volume

MW:

Molecular weight

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)

PCV:

Pack cell volume

POPs:

Persistent organic pollutants

RBC:

Red blood cell

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

UGEO:

Used gasoline engine oil

USEPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

WBC:

White blood cells

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Atif Kamal & Riffat Naseem Malik

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

    Alessandra Cincinelli & Tania Martellini

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  1. Atif Kamal
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  2. Alessandra Cincinelli
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  4. Riffat Naseem Malik
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Kamal, A., Cincinelli, A., Martellini, T. et al. A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 4076–4098 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3748-0

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