Abstract
The presence of herbicides residues in soil represents a serious problem for agriculture. Quinclorac is a common herbicide applied in rice field, but its residue can cause abnormal growth in successive crop of tobacco in Southern China. Remediation by microorganisms is considered to be an environmentally friendly method to remove such pollutants injury. The aims of this study were to obtain quinclorac remediation isolates and to investigate the possible mechanism(s) of remediation. Six bacterial isolates were obtained from rhizosphere of rice-tobacco rotation fields, and were found to be capable of degrading quinclorac on a mineral salt medium (MSM), with degradation efficiency ranging from 2.1 to 23.7%. Among these isolates, J5 had the highest degradation efficiency, and was identified as Klebsiella variicola based on phylogenetic analyses and a metabolic profile generating by Biolog GEN III system. Bioremediation of quinclorac injury was confirmed using pot assays with tobacco, in which J5 reversed the detrimental effect of quinclorac on leaf area, leaf number, and plant height. The J5 isolate also seemed to promote plant growth, in terms of tobacco seedling growth and seed germination, which were 2.2 times and 1.6 times higher compared to untreated control, respectively. The mechanisms of plant growth promoting (PGP) traits were found to involve nitrogen-fixing, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and phosphate solubilization ability. In addition, proteomic analysis and relative quantitative PCR revealed an elevated level of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase (HPMO) in quinclorac-treated J5, suggesting that this enzyme may play an important role in quinclorac remediation. This study showed that the J5 isolate could be exploited to not only assist in soil remediation due to quinclorac residue issues but also promote tobacco growth.
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Data availability
DNA sequences of J5 isolates were deposited in NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). Further procured and analyzed datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This work was supported by the Science Foundation from the Fujian Branch of National Tobacco Corporation [Grant Numbers (2014)181], Natural Science Foundation of Fujian province (2020J01596) and the Innovative Science Foundation from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (CXZX2020022A and CXZX2020020A).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by LL, ZT, ZL and ZQ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by LL and ZT. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Table S1 Primers and amplicon size of 16S rDNA, gyrB, and leuS used for phylogenetic tree analyses. Table S2 Parameters used in protein identification. Table S3 Saturation statistics of nucleotide substitution for all sites in 16S rDNA, gyrB, and leuS sequences. Fig. S1 Schematic procedure for isolating degrading culture from the rhizosphere soil of rice-tobacco rotation fields. The soil sample was added to the mineral salt medium amended with quinclorac. After one week of incubation, 1 ml of the resulting suspension was transferred to fresh mineral salt medium amended with quinclorac. The growing cultures were confirmed by inoculation on the Luria-Bertani broth (LB) plate. The cultures were enriched in a total of ten transfers. Fig. S2 The response of tobacco seedling to quinclorac. Fig. S3 The morphology of the J5 isolate colony on the Luria-Bertani broth (LB) medium.
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Li, L., Zhou, T., Zhong, L. et al. Bioremediation of quinclorac injury on tobacco by a rhizosphere bacterium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 38, 147 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03329-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03329-x