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Resilience of wetland vegetation to recurrent drought in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali from 1982 to 2014

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Abstract

The response of vegetation to variable flood regimes is an important research question for floodplains in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa experiencing climate change. The Inland Niger Delta (IND), located within the Sahelian zone of Central Mali, is a large floodplain that has experienced a historically-significant period of recurrent drought from 1970 to 1994 followed by a recovery of floods since. Vegetation associations, as determined through 2014 fieldwork at 538 IND sites, were compared to the sites’ vegetation associations as mapped in 1982. Site-specific flood histories were constructed through the analysis of Landsat imagery across the 1982–2014 period. In more deeply flooded portions of the floodplain, observations of vegetation associations in 2014 show remarkable consistency with those existing in 1982. In areas flooded infrequently and for the shortest duration, vegetation trajectories are more complicated with evidence for bush encroachment noted at 4.5% of all sites. Flood history explains only a portion of the few site-specific changes observed over the study period. Significant changes were more likely to be associated with more recent flood history (post 1999) rather than the flood history during the preceding abnormally dry period (1982–1991). These findings point to remarkable resiliency of IND vegetation to widely fluctuating levels of flooding that are driven not only by rainfall and run-off across the watershed but also by land use, water withdrawals and damming upstream. Given the low species diversity of IND vegetation, its resiliency derives from the combination of the seasonal plasticity of perennial grass growth in relation to rainfall and flood regimes and the efficiency of their vegetative and reproductive propagation in the context of highly seasonal grazing. The co-occurrence of interannual resiliency of the IND vegetation with annual vegetation production varying significantly with annual rainfall-flood conditions is consistent with non-equilibrium ecosystem dynamics.

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Data availability

The initial observation data and maps (1979–1983) are organized in a devoted Geographic Information System named DELMASIG openly accessible on the web site: https://www.delmasig.com. The 2014 revisit data are available on reasonable request to the corresponding author. Acces to the Inland Niger Delta Geographic Information system “delmasig” https://www.delmasig.com.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to pay tribute to their colleagues of the study funded by the World Bank and conducted by ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute) and the IER (Institut d’Economie Rurale, Mali) between 1979 and 1986 who have since passed away, in particular Dr. Lassine Diarra, Dr. Mohamed Idrissa Cissé and Youssouf Maiga who contributed to the vegetation map. In 2014, our fieldwork was made possible thanks to the organizational talents of Gakoye Ousmane Traoré and the skills of the boat captain Farota Djankarydjan and crew. We also thank the Macina people for their hospitality throughout our stay. The 2014 fieldwork also benefited from the support of John McPeak and was funded by the Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade of the United States Agency for International Development under the terms of Grant No. EEM-A-00-10-00001, as managed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change. We are grateful to Paul Scholte, an anonymous reviewer and the editor C.S. Hopkinson for their very constructive comments and edits.

Funding

Initial observations (1979–1983) and their analysis and vegetation mapping were carried out by the International Livestock Research Institute in Africa (ILCA, currently known as the International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI) in collaboration with the Malian Institut d’Economie Rurale. The work was funded by the World Bank. The 2014 fieldwork also benefited from the support of John McPeak and was funded by the Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade of the United States Agency for International Development under the terms of Grant No. EEM-A-00–10-00001, as managed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pastoralisme Conseil, 30 chemin de Jouanal 82160, Caylus, France

    Pierre Hiernaux

  2. Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, 160 Science Hall, 550 N. Park Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Matthew D. Turner & Michael Eggen

  3. Department of Geography, University Paris-Nanterre, 32 rue de Montbrouard, 95170, Deuil la Barre, France

    Jérôme Marie

  4. International Livestock Research Institute, Cry-sur-Armançon, 89390, Ravières, France

    Mark Haywood

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Contributions

PH, MH contributed to the initial field data collection and vegetation mapping. JM digitized the vegetation map and created the Geographic Information System. PH and MT collected and analyzed the 2014 revisit data. ME contributed to the remote sensing data conception and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by PH and MT and all authors commented on the successive versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pierre Hiernaux.

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Hiernaux, P., Turner, M.D., Eggen, M. et al. Resilience of wetland vegetation to recurrent drought in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali from 1982 to 2014. Wetlands Ecol Manage 29, 945–967 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-021-09822-8

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