Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is responsible for colibacillosis in poultry. APEC remains a constant problem for the poultry industry, despite the use of antimicrobials and disinfectants in farms. The endemicity of APEC in poultry farms is associated with its biofilm-forming ability, which is further aggravated by various virulence factors and resistance to multiple drugs that help bacteria to thrive under different environmental conditions. To characterize APEC from affected broiler chickens and their environments, samples (n=114) from dead birds (heart, liver, lungs, and cloacal swab) and surrounding environments such as feeder, drinker, litter, PVC pipe, water tank wall, feed, and water were collected. The collected samples were subjected to microbial isolation using MacConkey Lactose agar (MLA) and Eosin Methylene Blue agar (EMB), which led to the isolation of 62 E. coli isolates. This was confirmed by uspA gene amplification and Vitek 2 Compact. These isolates were characterized using a set of five virulence genes (hlyF, ompT, iroN, iss, iutA), which yielded 47 (75.80%) isolates as APEC and the remaining as non-APEC. Furthermore, all the 62 isolates were subjected to microtiter plate assay for biofilm detection and the result showed that 36 (58.06%) isolates were able to form moderate to strong biofilms in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) at 72h of incubation. Of the 36 biofilm-producing isolates, 30 were APEC. Biofilm-related genes (crl, csgA, fimH, luxS, and papC) were also detected with higher prevalence among APEC isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility test using Vitek 2 Compact revealed 43 (91.48%) of 47 APEC isolates as multiple drug resistant (MDR) and 8 (17.02%) as ESBL positive. This study reveals that APEC with biofilm formation ability is present in poultry farms. Further studies are needed to understand the role of biofilms in the pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance of APEC.
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The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article. The rest of the datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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This work was supported by the funds provided by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research under the project Outreach Programme on Zoonotic Diseases with file/grant number - AS/1/1/12017-ASR-IV.
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Dinesh Mittal and Anand Prakash designed the study along with Naresh Jindal. Kushal Grakh collected samples and performed the research work and prepared the initial draft for the manuscript. Dinesh Mittal and Anand Prakash analyzed and interpreted the data along with Kushal Grakh. All the authors prepared and reviewed the final draft.
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Grakh, K., Mittal, D., Prakash, A. et al. Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm-producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli from broiler chickens and their environment in India. Vet Res Commun 46, 537–548 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-021-09881-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-021-09881-5