Skip to main content
Log in

“I See Trayvon Martin”: What Teachers Can Learn from the Tragic Death of a Young Black Male

  • Published:
The Urban Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The goal of this article is to examine the racially hostile environment of U.S. public schooling towards Black males. Drawing on the work of Foucault (Discipline and punish. The birth of the prison, Penguin Books, London, 1977; Michel Foucault: beyond structuralism and hermeneutics, The Harvester Press, Brighton, 1982) regarding the construction of society’s power relations and Bourdieu’s (Power and ideology in education, Oxford University Press, New York, 1977; Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. Greenwood Press, New York, 1986; The logic of practice. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1990) work concerning how beliefs are established, this article demonstrates how power operates within schools alongside racism, racial profiling, and gender stereotypes to criminalize Black males. Additionally, the utilization of the theoretical lenses of populational reasoning (Popkewitz in Struggling for the soul: the politics of schooling and the construction of the teacher, Teachers College Press, New York, 1998), conceptual narrative (Somers and Gibson in Social theory and the politics of identity, Blackwell, Cambridge, 1994), and critical race theory (Delgado and Stefancic 2001) links the common narrative and the cultural memory of Black males to the death of Trayvon Martin and the treatment of Black males in schools.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. “A person who is not engaged in an unlawful activity and who is attacked in any other place where he or she has a right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his or her ground and meet force with force, including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony” [Florida Statute 776.013(3)]. Martin was not involved in any criminal activity the night of the shooting.

  2. Hip Hop is the music and culture that reflects the social, political, and economic realities of urban youth expressed through rap, dance, art, deejaying, and the knowledge of knowing one’s community (Love 2013a, b).

  3. For further reading on the Georgia math worksheet, see http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/08/examples-of-slavery-in-school-worksheet_n_1192512.html. For further reading on the Ohio slave auction story, see http://newsone.com/1071875/niko-burton-mock-slave-auctio/.

References

  • Adams, C. J., Robelen, E. W., & Shah, N. (2012). Civil rights data show retention disparities. Education Week. Retrieved October 21, 2012 from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/03/07/23data_ep.h31.html?tkn=SQWFeLaaeLcVAUrVpZ0FL5z9vQS336Ru%2Fve&cmp=clp-edweek.

  • Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. (1992). Faces at the bottom of the well: The permanence of racism. New York: Perseus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogle, D. (2001). Toms, coons, mulattoes, mammies and bucks: An interpretive history of Blacks in American films. New York, NY: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In J. Karabel & A. H. Halsey (Eds.), Power and ideology in education (pp. 487–511). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockenbrough, E. (2012). Teaching Trayvon Martin: Three strategies for teacher educators. Warner Perspectives. Retrieved Oct 21, 2012 from http://www.warner.rochester.edu/blog/warnerperspectives/?p=1220.

  • Brown, A. L. (2011). “Same old stories:” The Black male in social science and educational literature, 1930s to the present. Teachers College Record, 113(9), 2047–2079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunson, R. K., & Miller, J. (2006). Young Black men and urban policing in the United States. British Journal of Criminology, 46(4), 613–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chammah, M., & Swartwell, N. (2012, October 6). Students’ ids that track the students. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/us/in-texas-schools-use-ids-to-track-students.html?_r=0.

  • Clausing, J. (2012). Georgia handcuffing of kindergartner for tantrum renews school policing debate. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/18/ga-handcuff-case-renews-s_0_n_1434245.html.

  • Collins, P. H. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau, C. K. (2006). Critical race theory: All God’s children got a song. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckholm, E. (2006, March). Plight deepens for Black men, studies warn. New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2013 from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/national/20blackmen.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

  • Edelman, M. W. (2012, March 21). Walking while Black. Retrieved October 21, 2012 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marian-wright-edelman/walking-while-black_b_1371428.html.

  • Fine, M., & Ruglis, J. (2009). Circuits of dispossession: The racialized and classed realignment of the public sphere for youth in the U.S. Transforming Anthropology, 17(1), 20–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. The birth of the prison. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1982). The subject and power. In Hubert L. Dreyfus & Paul Rabinow (Eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and Hermeneutics (pp. 208–226). Brighton: The Harvester Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (1993). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garibaldi, A. M. (1992). Educating and motivating African American males to succeed. Journal of Negro Education, 61, 4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giroux, H. A. (1992). Border crossings: Cultural workers and the politics of education. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, T., & Brophy, J. E. (1997). Looking in classrooms (7th ed.). New York: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, J. (1982). Black children: Their roots culture and learning styles. Provo Utah: Brigham Young University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1983). What is this Black in Black popular culture. In M. Wallace (Ed.), Black popular culture. Boston, MA: Beacon.

  • Harker, R. K. (1984). On reproduction, habitus and education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 5(2), 117–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harry, B., & Anderson, M. G. (1994). The disproportionate placement of African American males in special education programs. A critique of the process. Journal of Negro Education, 63(4), 602–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilliard, A. G, I. I. I. (1990). Misunderstanding and testing intelligence. In J. I. Goodlad & P. Keating (Eds.), Access to knowledge: An agenda for our nation’s schools (pp. 145–157). New York: College Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollins, E. R., & Torres Guzman, M. (2005). Research on preparing teachers for diverse populations. In M. Cochran-Smith & K. Zeichner (Eds.), Studying teacher education: The report of the AERA panel on research and teacher education (pp. 477–544). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, T. C. (2001). Powerful pedagogy for African American students: A case of four teachers. Urban Education, 36, 179–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch. (2009). Decades of disparity. Retrieved October 21, 2012 from http://www.hrw.org/reports/2009/03/02/decades-disparity-0.

  • Irvine, J. J. (1990). Black students and school failure. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. E. (1991). Dysconscious racism: Ideology, identity, and the miseducation of teachers. Journal of Negro Education, 60(2), 133–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunjufu, J. (1985). Countering the conspiracy to destroy Black boys. Chicago: African American Images.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2011). Boyz to men? Teaching to restore Black boys’ childhood. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 14(1), 7–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97, 47–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorde, A. (2007). Sister outsider. Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, B. L. (2010). Commercial hip hop: The sounds and images of a racial project. In D. P. Alridge, J. B. Stewart, & V. P. Franklin (Eds.), Message in the music: Hip hop, history, and pedagogy (pp. 55–67). Association for the Study of African American Life and History.

  • Love, B. L. (2013a). Oh, they’re sending a bad message to kids and about blacks’: Black males resisting & challenging eurocentric notions of blackness within Hip Hop through critical pedagogy. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy (forthcoming).

  • Love. B. L. (2013b). Urban storytelling: How storyboarding, moviemaking & hip hop-based education can promote students’ critical voice. English Journal (forthcoming).

  • Madon, S., Jussim, L., & Eccles, J. (1997). In search of the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 791–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majors, R. G., & Mancini Billson, J. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of Black manhood in America. New York: Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majors, R. G., Tyler, R., Peden, B., & Hall, R. E. (1994). Cool pose: A symbolic mechanism for masculine role enactment and copying by Black males. In R. G. Majors & J. U. Gordan (Eds.), The American Black male: His present status and his future (pp. 245–259). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, M. (1991). Voices of America: Accent, antidiscrimination law, and a jurisprudence for the last reconstruction. Yale Law Journal, 100, 1329–1407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meiners, E. R. (2007). Right to be hostile: Schools, prisons, and the making of public enemies. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mencken, W. (2012). Reactions mixed over school taser incident. San Diego Reader. Retrieved Oct 22, 2012 from http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/almost-factual-news/2012/feb/17/reactions-mixed-over-school-taser-incident/.

  • Mincy, R. (2006). Black males left behind. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). (2009). Reading report card for the nation and states. Office of educational research and improvement. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

  • National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). (2010). Reading report card for the nation and states. Office of educational research and improvement. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

  • Noguera, P. (2003). Schools, prisons, and social implications of punishment: Rethinking disciplinary practices. Motion Magazine. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from www.inmotionmagazine.com/er/pn_rethink.html.

  • Nolan, K. (2011). Police in the hallways: Discipline in an urban high school. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, J. (1985). Keeping track: How schools structure inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Center on the States. (2008). One in 100: Behind Bars in America. Washington, DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts. http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/report_detail.aspx?id=35904.

  • Polite, V. C., & Davis, J. E. (1999). African American males in school and society: Practices and policies for effective education. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popkewitz, T. (1998). Struggling for the soul: The politics of schooling and the construction of the teacher. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, E. (2007). ‘She was workin like forreal’: Critical literacy and discourse and practices of African American females in the age of hip hop. Discourse & Society, 18, 789–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, C. L., Bovelsky, S., Kroovand, N., Vacca, J., & West, T. (1997). Racism 102: The classroom. Journal of Black Psychology, 23(4), 378–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somers, M., & Gibson, G. (1994). Reclaiming the epistemological “other”: Narrative and the social constitution of identity. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Social theory and the politics of identity (pp. 37–99). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, J. A. (2007). Students on strike: Jim Crow, civil rights, Brown, and me. National Geographic Books.

  • Thompson, K., & Cohen, J. (2012). Trayvon Martin case: Poll finds stark racial divide. The Washington Post. Retrived October 22, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trayvon-martin-case-poll-finds-stark-racial-divide/2012/04/10/gIQAEETX8S_story.html.

  • Tuzzolo, E., & Hewitt, D. T. (2006). Rebuilding inequity: The re-emergence of the school-to-prison pipeline in New Orleans. The High School Journal, 90(2), 59–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villegas, A. M. (2007). Dispositions in teacher education: A look at social justice. Journal of Teacher Education, 58(5), 370–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M. (2003). The good lynching and The Birth of a Nation: Discourses and aesthetics of Jim Crow. Cinema Journal, 43(1), 85–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, C. (2001). Race matters. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. J. (1991). The alchemy of race and rights. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wormser, R. (2004). The rise and fall of Jim Crow. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. A. (2004). The minds of marginalized black men: Making sense of mobility, opportunity, and future life chances. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bettina L. Love.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Love, B.L. “I See Trayvon Martin”: What Teachers Can Learn from the Tragic Death of a Young Black Male. Urban Rev 46, 292–306 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-013-0260-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-013-0260-7

Keywords

Navigation