Abstract
Small public urban green spaces (SPUGS) are important for human life-quality and for maintenance of biodiversity within urban landscapes. However, little is known about how local characteristics and spatial location are related to biodiversity inhabiting SPUGS in tropical cities. In this study, we aimed at assess how noise, vegetation aspects (local characteristics), distance from a major habitat patch and from water (spatial location) are related to the bird community (species composition, species richness, total abundance and feeding guilds) inhabiting SPUGS in a medium-sized Neotropical city (Rio Claro, Brazil). We expected local characteristics to be the most important variables influencing the bird community. Bird observations were conducted in 28 SPUGS (< 1 ha) and we used generalized linear models and a multi-model inference to assess the relationships between SPUGS’ attributes and the bird community. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance was used to assess which SPUGS characteristics modulate species composition. We made 1,808 records of 75 bird species distributed in 26 families. Noise was negatively related to bird species richness, total abundance, and abundance of granivorous species. On the other hand, tree species richness presented positive relationships with bird species richness and total abundance. Noise and tree species richness also were responsible for modulating the composition of species inhabiting SPUGS. Therefore, we demonstrated that local characteristics modulate birds inhabiting SPUGS; while noise is a strong limiting factor for birds inhabiting these small green spaces, increasing tree species richness can enhance SPUGS’ ability in harboring a diverse bird community.
Graphical abstract
Representation of the outcomes of our study: in Rio Claro (São Paulo, Brazil), small public urban green spaces (SPUGS) nearby quieter streets and with higher tree species richness harbor highly diverse bird communities. Noise was negatively related to bird species richness, total abundance and abundance of granivorous bird species, while tree species richness presented positive relationships with bird species richness and total abundance. This figure has been designed using resources from https://www.Freepik.com
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amaya-Espinel JD, Hostetler M, Henríquez C, Bonacic C (2019) The influence of building density on Neotropical bird communities found in small urban parks. Landsc Urban Plan 190:103578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.009
Aronson MFJ, La Sorte FA, Nilon CH et al (2014) A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc R Soc B 281
Aronson MFJ, Lepczyk CA, Evans KL et al (2017) Biodiversity in the city: key challenges for urban green space management. Front Ecol Environ 15:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1480
Barbosa KV, de Rodewald C, Ribeiro AD, Jahn MC (2020) Noise level and water distance drive resident and migratory bird species richness within a Neotropical megacity. Landsc Urban Plan 197:103769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103769
Barton K (2019) MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package version 1.43.15
Blair RB (1996) Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecol Appl 6:506–519. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269387
Burghardt KT, Tallamy DW, Gregory Shriver W (2009) Impact of native plants on bird and butterfly biodiversity in suburban landscapes. Conserv Biol 23:219–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01076.x
Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
Cardoso-Leite E, Faria LC, Capelo FFM et al (2014) Composição florística da arborização urbana de Sorocaba/SP, Brasil. Rev da Soc Bras Arborização Urbana 9:133–150
CEAPLA - Centro de Análise e Planejamento Ambiental (2019) Rio Claro. https://igce.rc.unesp.br/#!/unidade-auxiliar/ceapla/dados-meteorologicos/. Accessed 29 Jul 2019
Chace JF, Walsh JJ (2006) Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landsc Urban Plan 74:46–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.007
Croci S, Butet A, Clergeau P (2008) Does urbanization filter birds on the basis of their biological traits? Condor 110:223–240. https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8409
de Toledo MCB, Donatelli RJ, Batista GT (2012) Relation between green spaces and bird community structure in an urban area in Southeast Brazil. Urban Ecosyst 15:111–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0195-2
Deschutter Y, Everaert G, De Schamphelaere K, De Troch M (2017) Relative contribution of multiple stressors on copepod density and diversity dynamics in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 125:350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.038
Everaert G, Deschutter Y, De Troch M et al (2018) Multimodel inference to quantify the relative importance of abiotic factors in the population dynamics of marine zooplankton. J Mar Syst 181:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.02.009
Faeth SH, Warren PS, Shochat E, Marussich W (2005) Trophic dynamics in urban communities. Bioscience 55:399–407. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0399:TDIUC]2.0.CO;2
Fundação F (2005) Plano de Manejo - Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade. https://www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br/fundacaoflorestal/planos-de-manejo/planos-de-manejo-planos-concluidos/plano-de-manejo-fe-edmundo-navarro-de-andrade/. Accessed 29 Jul 2019
Guimarães MM, Pena JC, Corrêa RS (2020) Aves do eixo rodoviário do plano piloto de Brasília. Rev Ibero-Americana Ciências Ambient 11:333–349. https://doi.org/10.6008/CBPC2179-6858.2020.002.0031
Gussoni COA (2007) Avifauna de cinco localidades no município de Rio Claro, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas 136
Harri L (2003) Arvores exóticas no Brasil: madeireiras, ornamentais e aromáticas, 1st edn. Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa
Harri L (2008) Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas do Brasil, 5th edn. Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa
Herzog CP (2013) Cidade para todos: (re) aprendendo a viver com a natureza. Mauad, Inverde, Rio de Janeiro
IBGE IB de G e E (2018) Cidades. In: Rio Claro. https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/rio-claro/panorama. Accessed 7 Mar 2019
Ikin K, Beaty RM, Lindenmayer DB et al (2013) Pocket parks in a compact city: how do birds respond to increasing residential density? Landsc Ecol 28:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9811-7
Jokimäki J, Suhonen J, Jokimäki-Kaisanlahti M-L, Carbó-Ramírez P (2016) Effects of urbanization on breeding birds in European towns: Impacts of species traits. Urban Ecosyst 19:1565–1577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0423-7
Kane B, Warren PS, Lerman SB (2015) A broad scale analysis of tree risk, mitigation and potential habitat for cavity-nesting birds. Urban For Urban Green 14:1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.10.012
Kozlov MV, Lanta V, Zverev V et al (2017) Decreased losses of woody plant foliage to insects in large urban areas are explained by bird predation. Glob Chang Biol 23:4354–4364. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13692
Lerman SB, Warren PS (2011) The conservation value of residential yards: Linking birds and people. Ecol Appl 21:1327–1339. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0423.1
Leroux SJ (2019) On the prevalence of uninformative parameters in statistical models applying model selection in applied ecology. PLoS One 14:e0206711. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206711
Leveau LM (2018) Urbanization, environmental stabilization and temporal persistence of bird species: A view from Latin America. PeerJ 2018. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6056
MacGregor-Fors I, González-García F, Hernández-Lara C, Santiago-Alarcon D (2018) Where are the birds in the matrix? Avian diversity in a Neotropical landscape mosaic. Wilson J Ornithol 130:81–93. https://doi.org/10.1676/16-087.1
Marzluff JM (2016) A decadal review of urban ornithology and a prospectus for the future. Ibis (Lond) 1859:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12430
Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R (2001) Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Springer US, Boston
Mazerolle M (2019) AICcmodavg: Model selection and multimodel inference based on (Q)AIC(c) R package version 2.2-2
Narango DL, Tallamy DW, Marra PP (2017) Native plants improve breeding and foraging habitat for an insectivorous bird. Biol Conserv 213:42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.06.029
Nucci JC, Cavalheiro F (1999) Cobertura vegetal em áreas urbanas - conceito e método. GEOUSP 6:29–36
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M et al (2019) vegan: Community ecology package. R package version 2.5
Pena JC, Assis JC, Graviola GR et al (2020) Cooperation and innovation for the planning of arboreal cover and urban green spaces. Terra Plur 14:1–18. https://doi.org/10.5212/TerraPlural.v.14.2013391.012
Pena JC, Martello F, Ribeiro MC et al (2017) Street trees reduce the negative effects of urbanization on birds. PLoS One 12:e0174484. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174484
Perillo A, Mazzoni LG, Passos LF et al (2017) Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity in urban parks. Ibis (Lond 1859). https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12481
Peschardt KK, Schipperijn J, Stigsdotter UK (2012) Use of Small Public Urban Green Spaces (SPUGS). Urban For Urban Green 11:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.04.002
Politi Bertoncini A, Machon N, Pavoine S, Muratet A (2012) Local gardening practices shape urban lawn floristic communities. Landsc Urban Plan 105:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.11.017
RCoreTeam (2020) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R A Lang. Environ Stat Comput
Schwarz N, Moretti M, Bugalho MN et al (2017) Understanding biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships in urban areas: A comprehensive literature review. Ecosyst Serv 27:161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.08.014
Shannon G, McKenna MF, Angeloni LM et al (2015) A synthesis of two decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife. Biol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12207
Stagoll K, Lindenmayer DB, Knight E et al (2012) Large trees are keystone structures in urban parks. Conserv Lett 5:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00216.x
Strohbach MW, Lerman SB, Warren PS (2013) Are small greening areas enhancing bird diversity? Insights from community-driven greening projects in Boston. Landsc Urban Plan 114:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.02.007
Taylor D, Daniels CB, Johnston G (2015) Habitat selection by an arboreal lizard in an urban parkland: not just any tree will do. Urban Ecosyst. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-015-0480-6
Terrer C, Vicca S, Hungate BA et al (2016) Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO 2 fertilization effect. Science 353:72–74. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4610
ToolsDev (2016) Sound Meter - Decibel meter & Noise meter. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.tools.soundmeter.decibel.noisedetector&hl=en_US. Accessed 16 Aug 2019
UnitedNations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs PD (2018) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/%0APublications. Accessed 14 Jun 2018
Willis EO (2003) Birds of a eucaliptos woodlot in interior São Paulo. Braz J Biol 63:141–158. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000100019
Wilman H, Belmaker J, Simpson J et al (2014) EltonTraits 1.0: species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals. Ecology 95:2027–2027. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1917.1
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Urban green space: interventions and health
World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) Environmental noise guidelines for the European Region. 181
Zivanovic AJ, Luck GW (2016) Social and environmental factors drive variation in plant and bird communities across urban greenspace in Sydney, Australia. J Environ Manag 169:210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.052
Acknowledgements
BF da Silva and JC Pena were supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Grants: 2017/26145-6, 2018/00107-3, 2018/22215-2). AB Viana-Junior received a postdoctoral scholarship from the Biodiversity Research Consortium Brazil-Norway (BRC), Hydro-Alunorte (#12/16 Ecological Interaction project). MA Pizo receives a research grant from the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Online Resource 1
(PNG 3315 kb)
Online Resource 2
(PNG 970 kb)
Online Resource 3
(PNG 1852 kb)
Online Resource 4
(DOCX 122 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
da Silva, B.F., Pena, J.C., Viana-Junior, A.B. et al. Noise and tree species richness modulate the bird community inhabiting small public urban green spaces of a Neotropical city. Urban Ecosyst 24, 71–81 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01021-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01021-2