Abstract
Anthropogenic land-use change impacts ecological communities in urban and rural landscapes, and wetlands are particularly vulnerable despite the valuable ecosystem services they provide. Urbanized non-wetland systems are often enriched in non-native plant species, and similar patterns in wetlands would have implications for ecosystem function and biodiversity. We evaluated landscape-scale patterns of plant community diversity across gradients of rural to urban land-use, testing whether diversity was related to environmental conditions indicative of surrounding land-use. We surveyed vegetation and collected soil samples from 45 wetlands throughout Ohio, USA. Sites were categorized based on surrounding land-use as intense urban, moderate urban, or rural, representing 15 replicate urban to rural gradients. Non-native richness was 56% greater and non-native relative abundance 74% greater in intense urban sites compared to rural sites. Structural equation modeling indicated that high non-native relative abundance caused reductions in native plant richness but not native Shannon diversity, which was instead related to high concentrations of urban-associated soil contaminants such as cadmium and sodium. Our results support both versions of the driver-passenger model of invasion impacts, depending on the response: native richness is directly limited by competition with non-native species (the driver model), while native diversity is limited more by urban-associated stressors that also affect non-natives (the passenger model). The few wetlands remaining in highly urban areas thus experience a range of constraints affecting multiple dimensions of wetland health. We argue it is in these sites specifically where the benefits of restoring wetland ecosystems will be maximized.
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Data availability
The datasets and analysis code generated for the current study are available in the Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity (KNB) repository and can be found at the following link: https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/view/doi:10.5063/F1ZS2TVZ.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Franklin County Metro Parks, City of Columbus Parks and Recreation, City of Dublin, Allen County Farm Park, and the fourteen private landowners who granted access to conduct vegetative surveys on their property. We thank Colin Day and Nate Hofford for helping with field surveys and sample collections. We also thank Danielle Frevola and Nikhil Rivera for assisting in soil nutrient and canopy openness measurements. Funding for this research was provided by The Ohio State University.
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King, C.M., Hovick, S.M. Wetland plant community variation across replicate urban to rural gradients: non-native species as both drivers and passengers in systems impacted by anthropogenic land-use. Urban Ecosyst 23, 1209–1226 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01012-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01012-3