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A review: spreading factor allocation schemes for LoRaWAN

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Abstract

LoRaWAN is one of the most suitable communication protocols for the IoT applications that require low power over long-range communication. However, the LoRa network suffers from scalability, low data rate, and other performance issues that significantly affect the network performance. The study of the optimal spreading factor allocation can overcome these issues and help to improve the network performance. Hence, this article puts forward the state-of-the-art literature review on the Spreading Factors Allocation schemes for the LoRaWAN. Industry and academia have done an extensive research to address the issues related to optimal resource allocation, like spreading factor allocation to the spatially distributed end-devices of the network. Most of the problems concerning spreading factor allocation are being explored and resolved. Therefore, this paper reviews and compares various spreading factor allocation schemes proposed by the researchers. Furthermore, we provide a summary of the different review studies of the LoRaWAN. The literature presented in this paper motivates researchers to examine other aspects of spreading factor allocation schemes to improve the LoRa network performance.

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Abbreviations

LoRaWAN:

Long range wide area network

LPWAN:

Low power wide area network

NB-IoT:

Narrow band internet of things

MAC:

Medium access control

CSS:

Chirp spread spectrum

NS:

Network server

TP:

Transmit power

CR:

Code rate

SF:

Spreading factor

BW:

Bandwidth

EAB:

Equal area based

EIB:

Equal interval based

RND:

Random

CRC:

Cyclic redundancy check

ToA:

Time on air

SNR:

Signal to noise ratio

SINR:

Signal to interference plus noise ratio

RSSI:

Received signal strength indicator

ADR:

Adaptive data rate

DER:

Data extraction rate

PDR:

Packet delivery ratio

PHY:

Physical layer

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  1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, India

    Poonam Maurya, Aatmjeet Singh & Arzad Alam Kherani

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  1. Poonam Maurya
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Maurya, P., Singh, A. & Kherani, A.A. A review: spreading factor allocation schemes for LoRaWAN. Telecommun Syst 80, 449–468 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-022-00903-4

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