Skip to main content
Log in

Experimental phenomenology: What it is and what it is not

  • S.I. : Gestalt Phenomenology and Embodied Cognitive Science
  • Published:
Synthese Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Experimental phenomenology is the study of appearances in subjective awareness. Its methods and results challenge quite a few aspects of the current debate on consciousness. A robust theoretical framework for understanding consciousness is pending: current empirical research waves on what a phenomenon of consciousness properly is, not least because the question is still open on the observables to be measured and how to measure them. I shall present the basics of experimental phenomenology and discuss the current development of experimental phenomenology, its main features, and the many misunderstandings that have obstructed a fair understanding and evaluation of its otherwise enlightening outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albers, J. (2013). Interaction of color. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L. (2013a). Experimental phenomenology. An introduction. In L. Albertazzi (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of experimental phenomenology. Visual perception of shape, space and appearance (pp. 1–36). New York: Blackwell-Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L. (2013b). Appearances from an experimental viewpoint. In L. Albertazzi (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of experimental phenomenology. Visual perception of shape, space and appearance (pp. 267–290). New York: Blackwell-Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L. (2015a). Philosophical background: Phenomenology. In J. Wagemans (Ed.), Oxford handbook of perceptual organization (pp. 21–40). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L. (2015b). Spatial elements in visual awareness. Challenges for an intrinsic ‘geometry’ of the visible. In C-E Niveleau, & A. Métraux (Eds.), The bounds of naturalism: Experimental constraints and phenomenological requiredness (Vol. 19(3), pp. 95–125). Special issue of Philosophia Scientiae.

  • Albertazzi, L. (2015c). A science of qualities. Biological Theory, 10(3), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-015-0213-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L. (2018). Naturalising phenomenology. A must have? Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1933), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L., Bacci, F., Canal, L., & Micciolo, R. (2016a). The tactile dimensions of abstract paintings: A cross-modal study. Perception, 45(7), 805–822. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006616643660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L., Canal, L., & Micciolo, R. (2015). Crossmodal associations between materic painting and classical Spanish music. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(424), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L., Canal, L., Micciolo, R., Ferrari, F., Sitta, S., & Hachen, I. (2016b). Naturally biased associations between music and poetry. Perception, 46(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006616673851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L., & Da Pos, O. (2016). Color names, stimulus color and their subjective links. Color Research & Application, 42, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., & Poli, R. (Eds.). (2001). The school of Alexius Meinong. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albertazzi, L., & Louie, A. (2016). A mathematical science of qualities: A sequel. Biological Theory, 11(4), 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-016-0248-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnheim, R. (1991). To the rescue of art: Twenty-six essays. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belaiew-Exemplarsky, S. (1925). Über die sogenannten “hervortretenden” Farben. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 96, 400–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. (1991). Husserl. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozzi, P. (1989). Fenomenologia sperimentale (Experimental phenomenology). Bologna: Il Mulino.

  • Bozzi, P. (1990). Fisica ingenua (Naïve physics). Milan: Garzanti.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brentano, F. (1995a). Psychology from an empirical standpoint (A. C. Rancurello, D. B. Terrell, & L. L. McAlister, Trans.). London: Routledge (1st German ed. 1874).

  • Brentano, F. (1995b). Descriptive psychology (B. Müller, Trans.). London: Routledge (1st German ed. 1982).

  • Brown, J. F. (1930). The visual perception of velocity. Psychologische Forschung, 14, 199–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burigana, L. (1996). Singolarità della visione (Singularity of vision). Padoa: Upsel Domeneghini Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, L. (1952). On the tunnel effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 121–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canal, L., & Micciolo, R. (2013). Measuring the immeasurable: Quantitative analyses of perceptual experiments. In L. Albertazzi (Ed.), Handbook of experimental phenomenology. Visual perception of shape, space and appearances (pp. 477–498). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, R. (1960). Realism, and the background of phenomenology. Glencoe: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Pos, O. (1989–1991). Trasparenze (Transparency). Milan: Icone.

  • Da Pos, O. (2008). Explanation and reductionism in experimental phenomenology. Teorie & Modelli, 13(2,3), 61–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Pos, O., & Albertazzi, L. (2010). It is in the nature of the color. Seeing and Perceiving, 23(1), 39–73. https://doi.org/10.1163/187847509X12605137947466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Da Pos, O., & Green-Armytage, P. (2007). Facial expressions, colours and basic emotions. Colour: Design and Creativity, 1, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Pos, O., & Pietto, M. L. (2010). Highlighting the quality of light sources. In Proceedings of the 2nd CIE Expert Symposium on Appearance ‘When Appearance Meets Lighting’ (pp. 8–10). Belgium: Gent.

  • Da Pos, O., & Valenti, V. (2007). Warm and cold colours. In Proceedings of the AIC 2007 Midterm Meeting Color Science for Industry (pp. 41–44). China: Hangzhou.

  • Galilei, G. (1623/1957). The assayer (S. Drake, Trans.). In Discoveries and opinions of Galileo (pp. 237–238). New York: Doubleday & Co.

  • Galli, A., & Zama, A. (1931). Untersuchungen über die Wahrnehmung geometrischer Figuren die ganz oder teilweise von anderen geometrischen Figuren verdeckt sind. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 123, 308–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. J. (1978). The ecological approach to the visual perception of pictures. Leonardo, 11(3), 227–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R. (1997). Knowledge in perception and illusion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 352, 1121–1128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R. (2009). Seeing through illusions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossberg, S., & Mingolla, E. (1985). Neural dynamics of perceptual grouping: Textures, boundaries, and emergent segmentations. Perception & Psychophysics, 38(2), 141–171. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossberg, S., & Mingolla, E. (1987). Neural dynamics of surface perception: Boundary webs, illuminants, and shape-from shading. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 37, 116–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hård, A., & Sivik, L. (1981). NCS-natural color system: A Swedish standard for color notation. Color Research & Application, 6, 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harney, M. (2015). Naturalizing phenomenology. A philosophical imperative. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 199(3), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.08.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hering, E. (1874). Über die sogenannte Intensität der Lichtempfindung (Zur Lehre vom Lichtsinne IV). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wisssenschaften. Mathematische Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Wien, 69. Abt, 3, 85–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hering, E. (1964). Outlines of a theory of the light sense (L. M. Hurvich & D. Jameson, Trans.). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press (1st German ed. 1920).

  • Horst, S. (2005). Phenomenology and psychophysics. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hume, D. (1975). Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, ed. by L. A. Selby-Bigge, 3rd edn. Revised by P. H. Nidditch. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  • Husserl, E. (1950). Die Idee der Phänomenologie. Fünf Vorlesungen. The Hague: Martinus Nijoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. (1965). Philosophy as rigorous science. In Phenomenology and the crisis of philosophy, ed. by Q. Lauer (pp. 69–147). New York: Harper (1st German ed. 1910).

  • Husserl, E. (1970). The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology. An introduction to phenomenological philosophy (D. Carr, Trans.). Evanston: Northwestern University Press (1st German ed. 1936).

  • Husserl, E. (1973a). Experience and judgment: Investigation in the genealogy of logic (J. S. Churchill & K. Ameriks, Trans.). Evanston: Northwestern University Press (1st German ed. 1954).

  • Husserl, E. (1973b). Thing and space. Lectures of 1907 (R. Rojcewicz, Trans.). Dordrecht: Springer.

  • Husserl, E. (1982). Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy (F. Kersten, Trans.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff (1st German ed. 1913).

  • Husserl, E. (1991). On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time (18931917) (J. B. Brough, Trans.). Dordrecht: Kluwer (1st German ed. 1966).

  • Husserl, E. (1999). The essential Husserl: Basic writings in transcendental phenomenology, ed. by D. Welton. Indiana: Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. (2001a). Logical investigations, Vol. 2 (J. N. Findlay, Trans.). London: Routledge (1st German ed. 1900-1).

  • Husserl, E. (2001b). Analyses concerning passive and active synthesis. Lectures on transcendental logic (A. J. Steinbock, Trans.). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

  • Kandinsky, W. (1926). Punkt Linie zur Fläche. Bern: Benteli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanizsa, G. (1955). Condizioni ed effetti della trasparenza fenomenica (Conditions and effects of phenomenal transparency). Rivista di Psicologia, 49, 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanizsa, G. (1979). Organization in vision. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanizsa, G. (1980). Grammatica del vedere (Grammar of seeing). Bologna: Il Mulino.

  • Kanizsa, G. (1983). L’identità degli oggetti fenomenici (The identity of phenomenal objects). In G. Kanizsa, P. Legrenzi, & M. Sonino, Percezione, linguaggio, pensiero. Un’introduzione allo studio dei processi cognitivi (Perception, language, thought. An introduction to the study of cognitive processes), ch. 4. Bologna: Il Mulino.

  • Kanizsa, G. (1991). Vedere e pensare (Seeing and thinking). Bologna: Il Mulino.

  • Kanizsa, G., & Minguzzi, G. F. (1984). Contrasto e assimilazione di chiarezza (Contrast and lightness assimilation). In G. Kanizsa (Ed.), Fenomenologia sperimentale della visione (pp. 181–186). Milan: Franco Angeli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D. (1935). The world of colour. London: Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kersten, D., Mamassian, P., & Yuille, A. (2004). Object perception as Bayesian inference. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 271–304. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klee, P. (1961). The thinking eye. London: Lund Humphries.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenderink, J. J. (2015). Methodological background: Experimental phenomenology. In J. Wagemans (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of perceptual organization (pp. 41–54). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, W. (1947). Gestalt psychology. New York: Liveright.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, W. (1971). On unnoticed sensations and errors of judgment. In M. Henle (Ed.), The selected papers of Wolfgang Köhler (pp. 13–39). New York: Liveright (1st German ed. 1913).

  • Kubovy, M., & Gepshtein, S. (2002). Perceptual grouping in space and space-time: An exercise in phenomenological psychophysics. In R. Kimchi, M. Behrmann, & C. R. Olson (Eds.), Perceptual organization in vision: Behavioral and neural perspectives (pp. 45–85). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubovy, M., & Pomerantz, J. R. (1981). Perceptual organization: An overview. Perceptual organization (pp. 423–456). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, L. E. (1974). On scales of sensation: Prolegomena to any future psychophysics that will be able to come forth as science. Perception & Psychophysics, 16(2), 358–376. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masin, S. C. (Ed.). (1993). Foundations of perceptual theory. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massironi, M. (1988). Fenomenologia della percezione visiva (Phenomenology of visual perception). Bologna: Il Mulino.

  • Massironi, M. (2002). The psychology of graphic images: Seeing, drawing, communicating. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinong, A. (1899). Über Gegenstände höherer Ordnung und deren Verhältniss zur inneren Wahrnehmung. Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, 21, 187–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metelli, F. (1967). Zur Analyse der phänomenalen Durchsichtigkeitserscheinungen. In R. Muhlher & J. Fischl (Eds.), Gestalt und Wirklichkeit (pp. 50–71). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, W. (1941). Psychologie. Die Entwicklung ihrer Grundannahmen seit die Einführung des Experiments. Darmstadt: Steinkopff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, W. (2006). Laws of seeing (L. Spillmann, S. Lehar, M. Stromeyer, & M. Wertheimer, Trans.). Cambridge MA: MIT Press (1st German ed. 1936).

  • Michotte, A. (1950). On phenomenal permanence. Facts and theories. Acta Psychologica, 7, 293–322. Rep. 1991, In G. Thinès, A. Costall, & G. Butterworth (Eds.), Michotte’s experimental phenomenology of perception (pp. 117–121). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

  • Michotte, A. (1963). The perception of causality. Oxford: Basic Books (1st ed. 1954).

  • Murari, M., Rodà, A., Da Pos, O., Canazza, S., De Poli, G., & Sandri, M. (2014). How blue is Mozart? Non-verbal sensory scales for describing music qualities. In A. Georgaki & G. Kouroupetroglou (Eds.), Proceedings of ICMC|SMC|2014, 14–20 September 2014, Athens, Greece.

  • Musatti, C. L. (1958). Di alcune analogie tra problemi della percezione e problemi logico-matematici (On some analogies between problems in perception and logical-mathematical problems). Rivista di Psicologia, 1, 193–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C. E., Suci, G., & Tannenbaum, P. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ou, L. C., Luo, M. R., Woodcock, A., & Wright, A. (2004). A study of colour emotion and colour preference. Part I: Colour emotions for single colours. Color Research & Application, 29, 232–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, S. E., & Schloss, K. B. (2010). An ecological valence theory of color preferences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 8877–8882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, S. E., Schloss, K. B., Xu, Z., & Prado-León, L. R. (2013). Music-colour associations are mediated by emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 110, 8836–8841. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212562110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parise, C. V., & Spence, Ch. (2012). Audiovisual crossmodal correspondences and sound symbolism: A study using the implicit association test. Experimental Brain Research, 220(3–4), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3140-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petitot, J., Varela, F. J., Pachoud, B., & Roy, J.-M. (1999). Beyond the gap: An introduction to naturalizing phenomenology. In J. Petitot, F. J. Varela, B. Pachoud, & J.-M. Roy (Eds.), Naturalising phenomenology (pp. 266–329). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poli, R. (2006). First steps in experimental phenomenology. In A. Loula, R. Gudwin, & J. Queiroz (Eds.), Artificial cognition systems (pp. 358–386). Hersey: Idea Group Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, J. R., & Kubovy, M. (1986). Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufmann, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance (pp. 36–46). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponzo, M. (1912). Rapports de contraste angulaire et l’appréciation de grandeur des astres à l’horizon. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 58, 327–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rausch, E. (1966). Das Eigenschaftsproblem in der GT der Wahrnehmung. In W. Metzger (Ed.), Handbuch der Psychologie (pp. 866–953). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock, I. (1983). The logic of perception. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, D. R. (1907). A theory of pure design. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, E. (1921). Visuell wahrgenommene Figuren. Copenaghen: Gyldendals.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, E. (1950). Visual figures apparently incompatible with geometry. Acta Psychologica, 7, 365–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruskin, J. (1843). Modern painters. https://archive.org/details/modernpainters21ruskgoog.

  • Scanlon, J. (1997). Eidetic method. Encyclopedia of phenomenology (pp. 168–170). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. (Ed.). (1982). Parts and moments. Studies in logic and formal ontology. Munich: Philosophia Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, C. (2011). Crossmodal correspondences: A tutorial review. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 73, 971–995. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-010-0073-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelberg, H. (1967). The relevance of phenomenological philosophy for psychology. In L. Edward & M. Mandelbaum (Eds.), Phenomenology and existentialism (pp. 219–241). Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spillmann, L. (2009). Phenomenology and neurophysiological correlations: Two approaches to perception research. Vision Research, 49(12), 1507–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.02.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, S. S. (1957). On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review, 64, 153–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, C. (1883–1890). Tonpsychologie (Vol. 2). Leipzig: Hirzel.

  • Stumpf, C. (1906). Erscheinungen und psychische Funktionen. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Abhandlungen, IV, 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thinès, G. (1977). Phenomenology and the science of behaviour: An historical and theoretical approach. London: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uttal, W. R. (1993). Towards a new behaviorism. In S. C. Masin (Ed.), Foundations of perceptual theory (pp. 3–42). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varela, F. J. (1999). The specious present: A neurophenomenology of time consciousness. I. In J. Petitot, F. Varela, B. Pachoud, & J. M. Roy (Eds.), Naturalizing phenomenology: Issues in contemporary phenomenology and cognitive science (pp. 231–316). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicario, G. B. (1993). On experimental phenomenology. In S. C. Masin (Ed.), Foundations of perceptual theory (pp. 197–219). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Helmholtz, H. (1962). Helmholtz’ treatise on physiological optics (J. P. C. Southall, Trans.). New York: Dover (1st German ed. 1867).

  • Wagemans, J. (2015). Historical and conceptual background: Gestalt theory. In J. Wagemans (Ed.), Perceptual organization (pp. 3–20). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., et al. (2012a). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception I. Perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1172–1217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagemans, J., Feldman, J., Gepstein, S., Kimchi, R., Pomerantz, J. R., van der Helm, P., et al. (2012b). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception II. Conceptual and theoretical foundations. Psychological Bullettin, 138(6), 1218–1252. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. (1987). The effects of culture, environment, age, and musical training or choices of visual metaphors for sound. Perception & Psychophysics, 42(5), 491–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M. (1912). Űber das Sehen von Scheinbewegungen und Scheinkorporen. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 61, 463–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M. (1922). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt I. Psychologische Forschung, 4, 47–58. (Partial trans. 2001, Laws of organization in perceptual forms. In W. E. Ellis (Ed.), A source book of gestalt psychology (pp. 12–15). London: Routledge, 3rd ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M. (1923). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II. Psychologische Forschung, 4, 301–350. (Partial trans. 2001, Laws of organization in perceptual forms. In W. E. Ellis (Ed.), A source book of gestalt psychology (pp. 71–88). London: Routledge, 3rd ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1993). Philosophical investigations (P. M. S. Hacker & J. Schulte, Trans.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

  • Yuille, A., & Kersten, D. (2006). Vision as Bayesian inference. Analysis by synthesis? Trends in Cognitive Science, 10(7), 301–308.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I thank Alistair Isaac and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on a previous version of the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liliana Albertazzi.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Albertazzi, L. Experimental phenomenology: What it is and what it is not. Synthese 198 (Suppl 9), 2191–2212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02209-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02209-6

Keywords

Navigation