Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enabling efficient and reliable IoT deployment in 5G and LTE cellular areas for optimized service provisioning

  • Published:
The Journal of Supercomputing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Reliable and efficient delivery of diverse services with different requirements is among the main challenges of IoT systems. The challenges become particularly significant for IoT deployment in larger areas and high-performance services. The low-rate wireless personal area networks, as standard IoT systems, are well suited for a wide range of multi-purpose IoT services. However, their coverage distance and data rate constraints can limit the given IoT applications and restrict the creation of new ones. Accordingly, this work proposes a model that aims to correlate and expand the standard IoT systems from personal to wide areas, thus improving performance in terms of providing fast data processing and distant connectivity for IoT data access. The model develops two IoT systems for these purposes. The first system, 5GIoT, is based on 5G cellular, while the second, LTEIoT, is based on 4G long-term evolution (LTE). The precise assessment requires a reference system, for which the model further includes a standard IoT system. The model is implemented and results are obtained to determine the performance of the systems for diverse IoT use cases. The level of improvement provided by the 5GIoT and LTEIoT systems is determined by comparing them to each other as well as to the standard IoT system to evaluate their advantages and limitations in the IoT domain. The results show the relatively close performance of 5GIoT and LTEIoT systems while they both outperform the standard IoT by offering higher speed and distance coverage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All the required data are in the manuscript.

References

  1. Gardašević G, Katzis K, Bajić D, Berbakov L (2020) Emerging wireless sensor networks and internet of things technologies—foundations of smart healthcare. MDPI Sens 13(20):3619. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20133619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ray PP (2018) A survey on Internet of Things architectures. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 30(3):291–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmadi H, Arji G, Shahmoradi L, Safdari R, Nilashi M, Alizadeh M (2018) The application of internet of things in healthcare: a systematic literature review and classification. Univ Access Inf Soc 18:837–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-018-0618-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Garg R, Sharma S (2018) Modified and improved IPv6 header compression (MIHC) scheme for 6LoWPAN. Wirel Pers Commun 103:2019–2033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5894-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Garg R, Sharma S (2016) Comparative study on techniques of IPv6 header compression in 6LoWPAN. In: Fourth International Conference on Advances in Information Processing and Communication Technology (IPCT). https://doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-099-6-33

  6. Lenders MS, Schmidt TC, Wählisch M (2019) A lesson in scaling 6LoWPAN—minimal fragment forwarding in Lossy networks. In: IEEE 44th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), vol 1, Osnabrueck, Germany, pp 438–446. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN44214.2019.8990812

  7. Triantafyllou A, Sarigiannidis P, Lagkas TD (2018) Network protocols, schemes, and mechanisms for Internet of Things (IoT): features, open challenges, and trends. Wirel Commun Mob Comput. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5349894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hoppari M, Uitto M, Mäkelä J, Harjula I, Rantala S (2021) Performance of the 5th generation indoor wireless technologies-empirical study. Future Internet 13(7):180. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13070180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jiang W, Han B, Habibi MA, Schotten HD (2021) The road towards 6G: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Open J Commun Soc 2:334–366. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2021.3057679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Attaran M (2021) The impact of 5G on the evolution of intelligent automation and industry digitization. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02521-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Biswas R, Lempiäinen J (2021) Assessment of 5G as an ambient signal for outdoor backscattering communications. Wirel Netw. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02731-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Technical Specification (2017) LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104 version 14.3.0 Release 14)

  13. Akpakwu GA, Silva BJ, Hancke GP, Mahfouz AMA (2017) A survey on 5G networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges. IEEE Access 6:3619–3647. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2779844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ribeiro LE, Tokikawa DW, Rebelatto JL, Brante G (2020) Comparison between LoRa and NB-IoT coverage in urban and rural Southern Brazil regions. Ann Telecommun 75:755–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-020-00774-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ortiz JN, Sendra S, Ameigeiras P, Soler JML (2018) Integration of LoRaWAN and 4G/5G for the Industrial Internet of Things. IEEE Commun Mag 56(2):60–67. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2018.1700625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yasmin R, Petäjäjärvi J, Mikhaylov K, Pouttu A (2017) On the integration of LoRaWAN with the 5G Test Network. In: IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Montreal, QC, Canada, pp 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2017.8292557

  17. Alexandre LC, Filho ALDS, Sodré AC (2020) Indoor coexistence analysis among 5G new radio, LTE-A and NB-IoT in the 700 MHz band. IEEE Access 8:135000–135010. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3011267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ali R, Kim B, Kim SW, Kim HS, Ishmanov F (2020) (ReLBT): a reinforcement learning-enabled listen before talk mechanism for LTE-LAA and Wi-Fi coexistence in IoT. Comput Commun 150:498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2019.11.055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mishra A (2017) Design and deployment of MQTT based HeTNeT using IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11 for Internet of Things. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol (IJRASET) 5:1616–1625. https://doi.org/10.22214/IJRASET.2017.11232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kahalo I, Beshley H, Beshley M, Panchenko O (2019) Enhancing QoS and energy efficiency of LTE/LTE-U/Wi-Fi integrated network based on adaptive technique for radio structure formation. In: IEEE 2nd Ukraine Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (UKRCON), Lviv, Ukraine, pp 1167–1170. https://doi.org/10.1109/UKRCON.2019.8879923

  21. Shahgholi T, Sheikhahmadi A, Khamforoosh K, Azizi S (2021) LPWAN-based hybrid backhaul communication for intelligent transportation systems: architecture and performance evaluation. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2021:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-01918-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sørensen A, Wang H, Remy MJ, Kjettrup N, Sørensen RB, Nielsen JJ, Popovsky P, Madueño GC (2021) A modelling and experimental framework for battery lifetime estimation in NB-IoT and LTE-M. Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI).

  23. Dawaliby S, Bradai A, Pousset Y (2016) In depth performance evaluation of LTE-M for M2M communications. In: IEEE 12th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMOB.2016.7763264

  24. Kosiło T, Radecki K, Marski J, Górski C (2020) Mobile IoT systems in the Urban Area. Int J Electron Telecommun 66(1):179–185. https://doi.org/10.24425/ijet.2020.131861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Elmesalawy MM (2016) D2D communications for enabling Internet of Things underlaying LTE cellular networks. J Wirel Netw Commun 6(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.jwnc.20160601.01

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mu J, Han L (2017) Performance analysis of the ZigBee networks in 5G environment and the nearest access routing for improvement. Ad Hoc Netw 56:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2016.10.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Martín JPG, Torralba A (2021) Model of a device-level combined wireless network based on NB-IoT and IEEE 802.15.4 standards for low-power applications in a diverse IoT framework. Sensors 21(11):3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Martín JPG, Torralba A (2019) On the combination of LR-WPAN and LPWA technologies to provide a collaborative wireless solution for diverse IoT. In: IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Barcelona, Spain. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMOB.2019.8923566

  29. Sarigiannidis P, Lagkas T, Bibi S, Ampatzoglou A, Bellavista P (2017) Hybrid 5G optical-wireless SDN-based networks, challenges and open issues. IET Netw 6(6):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-net.2017.0069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Polese M, Giordani M, Mezzavilla M, Rangan S, Zorzi M (2017) Improved handover through dual connectivity in 5G mmWave mobile networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 35(9):2069–2084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08462-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Sachdeval A, Tomar VK (2021) A multi-bit error upset immune 12T SRAM cell for 5G satellite communications. Wirel Pers Commun 120:2201–2225. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12030046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Network Simulator (ns-3) (2022). https://www.nsnam.org. Accessed: 10 July 2022

  33. GSA (2020) LTE Ecosystem Report. Global mobile Suppliers Association. https://uk5g.org/media/uploads/resource_files/GSA-LTE-Ecosystem-Status-July-2020.pdf.

  34. Chaudhari BS, Zennaro M, Borkar S (2020) LPWAN technologies: emerging application characteristics, requirements, and design considerations. Future Internet 12(3):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12030046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Bisio I, Marchese M (2014) The concept of fairness: definitions and use in bandwidth allocation applied to satellite environment. IEEE Aerosp Electron Syst Mag 29(3):8–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2014.6805361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kim Y, Kwon L, Park EC (2021) OFDMA backoff control scheme for improving channel efficiency in the dynamic network environment of IEEE 80211ax WLANs. Sensors 21(15):5111. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Arteaga A, Céspedes S, Azurdia-Meza C (2019) Vehicular communications over TV white spaces in the presence of secondary users. IEEE Access 7:53496–53508. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Khan SA, Asshad M, Küçük K, Kavak A (2018) A power control algorithm (PCA) and software tool for Femtocells in LTE-A networks. Sakarya Univ J Sci 22(4):1124–1129. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.373293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ishaq I, Carels D, Teklemariam GK, Hoebeke J, Abeele FVD, Poorter ED, Moerman I, Demeester P (2013) IETF standardization in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT): a survey. J Sens Actuat Netw 2(2):235–287. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan2020235

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 9617976487, Iran

    Mina Malekzadeh

Authors
  1. Mina Malekzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mina Malekzadeh.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 677 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Malekzadeh, M. Enabling efficient and reliable IoT deployment in 5G and LTE cellular areas for optimized service provisioning. J Supercomput 79, 1926–1955 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04722-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04722-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation