Abstract
An important theme in the philosophy of education community in recent years has been the way in which philosophy can be brought to illuminate and evaluate research findings from the landscape of policy and practice. Undoubtedly, some of these practices can be based on spurious evidence, yet have mostly been left unchallenged in both philosophical and educational circles. One of the newer practices creeping into schools is that of ‘No best friend’ policies. In some schools, this is interpreted as suggesting that children should not have just one best friend but a group of good friends. In others, it is interpreted as suggesting that children should forgo having best friends altogether and be friends with everyone. What is common to both is that friendship is seen as somehow ‘dangerous’. This article offers a preliminary examination of what has been referred to as this ‘dark side’ of friendship. Whilst philosophers such as Patricia White have previously alluded to its existence, there has been little philosophical scrutiny in any broad terms elsewhere. I examine three common arguments commonly used to justify ‘No best friends’ practices: that children can be friends with everyone; that young children are developmentally incapable of ‘real’ friendship hence best friendship should be avoided until later age; that only good people can be good friends. I indicate why this unreflective adoption of practices matters so much and why we should be prepared to challenge these cases. I identify practices that we have good evidence to support as making a positive difference in this area.
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Notes
Despite the copious evidence proving the ‘benefits’ of friendship, victimisation, bullying and malicious gossip amongst friends are all well researched areas.
To avoid possible confusion between policy (governmental level) and school based policies (procedures relating to the day-to-day implementation of practices), I will refer to the school based as ‘practices’.
Just as one can deliberately reject another, it is possible to reject another without intending or realising that that is the effect of the behaviours.
I am indebted to the feedback from one of the reviewers on this point.
Generally seen as the ‘best kind’ or most desirable type of friendship.
Utility and pleasure friendships are frequently regarded as lesser or incomplete forms of friendship, with virtue (sometimes called character or perfect friendship) regarded as the highest or most complete form.
Such a stance, if realised in schools, risks being misinterpreted as suggesting that some children should not be chosen as friends or are undeserving of friendship.
Elder gives the example of gamblers, who, he argues, may share a common interest and be directly sensitive to each others’ interests in gambling, and who, inadvertently, are helping each other to hurt themselves. However, it seems to me that it is possible that the two gamblers can be ‘best friends’ or ‘good friends’ to each other without that friendship being ‘the best possible friendship’ they could choose (using Cooper’s spectrum argument). This is not just a semantic point: it at least partially undermines Elder’s argument that ‘bad people’ cannot be good friends.
I am thinking in particular of actions such as group bullying. Research on aggressive behaviour (such as bullying in schools) has often demonstrated that this can be often a group process in which children can reinforce each other through the shared behaviour (see: Salmivalli 1999). Similarly, it is possible for a Nazi soldier to be a good friend with other Nazis whilst being monstrous to those judged by their belief system to be outside and undeserving of common humanity. It should also be born in mind that relational ‘disorders’ such as folie a deux, cult memberships, perhaps even gang or terrorist groupings, can also show some features of close friendship to each other.
Interestingly, Gutman and Feinstein found that more satisfaction with friendship seemed to correlate with higher KS2 English scores, and concluded that having friendships seemed to have particular importance for pupils in disadvantaged school areas.
A common feature of Nurture groups.
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Healy, M. Should Children Have Best Friends?. Stud Philos Educ 36, 183–195 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-016-9512-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-016-9512-9