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Titan as Revealed by the Cassini Radar

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Abstract

Titan was a mostly unknown world prior to the Cassini spacecraft’s arrival in July 2004. We review the major scientific advances made by Cassini’s Titan Radar Mapper (RADAR) during 13 years of Cassini’s exploration of Saturn and its moons. RADAR measurements revealed Titan’s surface geology, observed lakes and seas of mostly liquid methane in the polar regions, measured the depth of several lakes and seas, detected temporal changes on its surface, and provided key evidence that Titan contains an interior ocean. As a result of the Cassini mission, Titan has gone from an uncharted world to one that exhibits a variety of Earth-like geologic processes and surface-atmosphere interactions. Titan has also joined the ranks of “ocean worlds” along with Enceladus and Europa, which are prime targets for astrobiological research.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Robert M. Nelson and an anonymous reviewer for excellent and detailed reviews that greatly improved the manuscript, and Phil Callahan for an informal review and helpful suggestions for improvement. Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of technology, under contract with NASA. Copyright 2018, California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship is acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    R. M. C. Lopes, S. D. Wall, J. D. Hofgartner, M. A. Janssen, M. J. Malaska, B. W. Stiles, R. D. West, T. Farr, K. L. Mitchell & P. Ries

  2. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA

    C. Elachi, J. I. Lunine & Z. Zhang

  3. Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    S. P. D. Birch, P. Corlies, A. G. Hayes, J. I. Lunine & V. Poggiali

  4. LESIA – Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France

    A. Coustenis & P. Encrenaz

  5. Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini D., Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA

    R. L. Kirk & L. A. Soderblom

  6. Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Universite Versaills Saint Quentin, Guyancourt, France

    A. LeGall

  7. JHU Applied Physics Lab, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA

    R. D. Lorenz & E. P. Turtle

  8. University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy

    M. Mastroguiseppe

  9. International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università d’Annunzio, Via Pindaro 42, 65127, Pescara, Italy

    G. Mitri & G. Ori

  10. Department of Earth Sciences, the University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N. London, Ontario, N6A 5B, Canada

    C. D. Neish

  11. Eurac Research, Institute for Earth Observation, Viale Druso 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy

    C. Notarnicola

  12. SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave., Mountain View, CA, USA

    F. Paganelli

  13. UMR 5804 LAB, Batiment B18N, University of Bordeaux, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France

    P. Paillou

  14. Department of Geological Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA

    J. Radebaugh

  15. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), CNRS-UMR 7154, Université Paris-Diderot, USPC, Paris, France

    S. Rodriguez

  16. UCLA Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, 595 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    A. Schoenfeld

  17. Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, USA

    J. M. Soderblom

  18. European Space Agency (ESA), ESAC, Madrid, Spain

    A. Solomonidou

  19. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington DC, USA

    E. R. Stofan

  20. INAF – IAPS National Institute for Astrophysics, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Rome, Italy

    F. Tosi

  21. Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ, 85719-2395, USA

    C. A. Wood

  22. Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-9515, USA

    H. A. Zebker

  23. Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83843, USA

    J. W. Barnes

  24. CNR IRPI, Via Amendola 122/I, 70125, Bari, Italy

    D. Casarano

  25. Institute of Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, J.J. Pickle Research Campus, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX, 78758, USA

    C. Grima

  26. Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, Department of Earth & Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    D. Hemingway

  27. Royal Observatory of Belgium, 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium

    O. Karatekin

  28. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris, France

    A. Lucas

  29. Istituto di Radioastronomia, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy

    R. Orosei

  30. Dept. Electrical Engineering ad Information Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy

    D. Riccio

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Lopes, R.M.C., Wall, S.D., Elachi, C. et al. Titan as Revealed by the Cassini Radar. Space Sci Rev 215, 33 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0598-6

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