Abstract
The detailed velocity structure of the diffuse X-ray emitting intra-cluster medium (ICM) remains one of the last missing key ingredients in understanding the microphysical properties of these hot baryons and constraining our models of the growth and evolution of structure on the largest scales in the Universe. Direct measurements of the gas velocities from the widths and shifts of X-ray emission lines were recently provided for the central region of the Perseus Cluster of galaxies by Hitomi, and upcoming high-resolution X-ray microcalorimeters onboard XRISM and Athena are expected to extend these studies to many more systems. In the mean time, several other direct and indirect methods have been proposed for estimating the velocity structure in the ICM, ranging from resonant scattering to X-ray surface brightness fluctuation analysis, the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, or using optical line emitting nebulae in the brightest cluster galaxies as tracers of the motions of the ambient plasma. Here, we review and compare the existing estimates of the velocities of the hot baryons, as well as the various overlapping physical processes that drive motions in the ICM, and discuss the implications of these measurements for constraining the viscosity and identifying the source of turbulence in clusters of galaxies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
We note here that the gamma-ray and radio-based constraints might be weaker if the energy distribution of relativistic particles is softer than explicitly or implicitly assumed in these studies.
These arguments do not exclude though a possibility of having localized regions with supersonic motions, especially in the regions where the AGN-driven outflows/jets interact with the ICM (e.g. Heinz et al. 2010).
Such plasma could also appear as the result of ICM heating by strong shocks, if the energy is released by an AGN in the form of short and powerful outbursts.
References
Z. Abdulla, J.E. Carlstrom, A.B. Mantz, D.P. Marrone, C.H. Greer, et al., Constraints on the thermal contents of the X-ray cavities of cluster MS 0735.6+7421 with Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect observations (2018). Arxiv e-prints 1806.05050
M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Allafort, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, et al., GeV gamma-ray flux upper limits from clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 717, 71–78 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/717/1/L71
M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Albert, A. Allafort, W.B. Atwood, et al., Search for cosmic-ray-induced gamma-ray emission in galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 787, 18 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/18
R. Adam, I. Bartalucci, G.W. Pratt, P. Ade, P. André, et al., Mapping the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect toward MACS J0717.5+3745 with NIKA. Astron. Astrophys. 598, 115 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629182
F. Akimoto, A. Furuzawa, Y. Tawara, K. Yamashita, Iron K-line analysis of clusters of galaxies with the resonance scattering effect. Adv. Space Res. 25, 603–606 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00809-1
M.E. Anderson, R. Sunyaev, Searching for FUV line emission from 107 K gas in massive elliptical galaxies and galaxy clusters as a tracer of turbulent velocities. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 459, 2806–2821 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw822
M.E. Anderson, R. Sunyaev, FUV line emission, gas kinematics, and discovery of [Fe XXI] \(\lambda \)1354.1 in the sightline toward a filament in M87. Astron. Astrophys. 617, 123 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732510
K. Anton, S. Wagner, I. Appenzeller, Detection of the coronal forbidden line Fe X 6374 A in the cooling flow cluster A 1795. Astron. Astrophys. 246, 51–54 (1991)
P. Arévalo, E. Churazov, I. Zhuravleva, W.R. Forman, C. Jones, On the nature of X-ray surface brightness fluctuations in M87. Astrophys. J. 818, 14 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/14
Y. Ascasibar, M. Markevitch, The origin of cold fronts in the cores of relaxed galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 650, 102–127 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/506508
S.A. Balbus, Stability, instability, and “backward” transport in stratified fluids. Astrophys. J. 534, 420–427 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1086/308732
S.A. Balbus, N. Soker, Theory of local thermal instability in spherical systems. Astrophys. J. 341, 611–630 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1086/167521
S.A. Balbus, N. Soker, Resonant excitation of internal gravity waves in cluster cooling flows. Astrophys. J. 357, 353–366 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1086/168926
C.J. Bambic, B.J. Morsony, C.S. Reynolds, Suppression of AGN-driven turbulence by magnetic fields in a magnetohydrodynamic model of the intracluster medium. Astrophys. J. 857, 84 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab558
P. Barai, G. Murante, S. Borgani, M. Gaspari, G.L. Granato, et al., Kinetic AGN feedback effects on cluster cool cores simulated using SPH. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 461, 1548–1567 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1389
D. Barret, T. Lam Trong, J.-W. den Herder, L. Piro, M. Cappi, et al., The ATHENA X-ray integral field unit (X-IFU), in Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 10699 (2018), p. 106991. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312409
N. Battaglia, J.R. Bond, C. Pfrommer, J.L. Sievers, On the cluster physics of Sunyaev-Zel’dovich and X-ray surveys. I. The influence of feedback, non-thermal pressure, and cluster shapes on Y-M scaling relations. Astrophys. J. 758, 74 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/74
M.C. Begelman, Impact of active galactic nuclei on the surrounding medium, in Gas and Galaxy Evolution, ed. by J.E. Hibbard, M. Rupen, J.H. van Gorkom. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 240 (2001), p. 363
V. Biffi, S. Borgani, G. Murante, E. Rasia, S. Planelles, et al., On the nature of hydrostatic equilibrium in galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 827, 112 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/827/2/112
M. Birkinshaw, The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect. Phys. Rep. 310, 97–195 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00080-5
L. Bîrzan, D.A. Rafferty, B.R. McNamara, M.W. Wise, P.E.J. Nulsen, A systematic study of radio-induced X-ray cavities in clusters, groups, and galaxies. Astrophys. J. 607, 800–809 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/383519
E.L. Blanton, S.W. Randall, T.E. Clarke, C.L. Sarazin, B.R. McNamara, et al., A very deep Chandra observation of A2052: bubbles, shocks, and sloshing. Astrophys. J. 737, 99 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/737/2/99
H. Boehringer, G.E. Morfill, On the dynamical role of cosmic rays in cooling flows in clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 330, 609–619 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1086/166497
H. Böhringer, W. Voges, A.C. Fabian, A.C. Edge, D.M. Neumann, A ROSAT HRI study of the interaction of the X-ray-emitting gas and radio lobes of NGC 1275. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 264, 25–28 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/264.1.L25
A. Bonafede, M. Brüggen, D. Rafferty, I. Zhuravleva, C.J. Riseley, et al., LOFAR discovery of radio emission in MACS J0717.5+3745. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 478, 2927–2938 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1121
M.A. Bourne, D. Sijacki, AGN jet feedback on a moving mesh: cocoon inflation, gas flows and turbulence. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 4707–4735 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2269
J.N. Bregman, A.C. Fabian, E.D. Miller, J.A. Irwin, On VI observations of galaxy clusters: evidence for modest cooling flows. Astrophys. J. 642, 746–751 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/501112
M. Brüggen, C.R. Kaiser, Hot bubbles from active galactic nuclei as a heat source in cooling-flow clusters. Nature 418, 301–303 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00857
G.E. Bulbul, R.K. Smith, A. Foster, J. Cottam, M. Loewenstein, et al., High-resolution XMM-Newton spectroscopy of the cooling flow cluster A3112. Astrophys. J. 747, 32 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/747/1/32
R.E.A. Canning, A.C. Fabian, R.M. Johnstone, J.S. Sanders, C.S. Crawford, et al., Detection of optical coronal emission from 106-K gas in the core of the Centaurus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 411, 411–421 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17693.x
M. Chatzikos, R.J.R. Williams, G.J. Ferland, R.E.A. Canning, A.C. Fabian, et al., Implications of coronal line emission in NGC 4696∗. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 446, 1234–1244 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2173
E. Churazov, W. Forman, C. Jones, H. Böhringer, Asymmetric, arc minute scale structures around NGC 1275. Astron. Astrophys. 356, 788–794 (2000)
E. Churazov, M. Brüggen, C.R. Kaiser, H. Böhringer, W. Forman, Evolution of buoyant bubbles in M87. Astrophys. J. 554, 261–273 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1086/321357
E. Churazov, R. Sunyaev, W. Forman, H. Böhringer, Cooling flows as a calorimeter of active galactic nucleus mechanical power. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 332, 729–734 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05332.x
E. Churazov, W. Forman, C. Jones, H. Böhringer, XMM-Newton observations of the Perseus cluster. I. The temperature and surface brightness structure. Astrophys. J. 590, 225–237 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1086/374923
E. Churazov, W. Forman, C. Jones, R. Sunyaev, H. Böhringer, XMM-Newton observations of the Perseus cluster-II. Evidence for gas motions in the core. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 347, 29–35 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07201.x
E. Churazov, I. Zhuravleva, S. Sazonov, R. Sunyaev, Resonant scattering of X-ray emission lines in the hot intergalactic medium. Space Sci. Rev. 157, 193–209 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9685-4
E. Churazov, A. Vikhlinin, I. Zhuravleva, A. Schekochihin, I. Parrish, et al., X-ray surface brightness and gas density fluctuations in the Coma cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 421, 1123–1135 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20372.x
E. Churazov, P. Arevalo, W. Forman, C. Jones, A. Schekochihin, et al., Arithmetic with X-ray images of galaxy clusters: effective equation of state for small-scale perturbations in the ICM. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 463, 1057–1067 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2044
L. Ciotti, J.P. Ostriker, Cooling flows and quasars. II. Detailed models of feedback-modulated accretion flows. Astrophys. J. 551, 131–152 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1086/320053
L.L. Cowie, Theoretical models of X-ray emission from rich clusters of galaxies, in X-Ray Astronomy with the Einstein Satellite, ed. by R. Giacconi. Astrophys. Space Sci. Library, vol. 87, 1981, pp. 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8459-2_13
C.S. Crawford, S.W. Allen, H. Ebeling, A.C. Edge, A.C. Fabian, The ROSAT brightest cluster sample III. Optical spectra of the central cluster galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 306, 857–896 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02583.x
L.P. David, J. Lim, W. Forman, J. Vrtilek, F. Combes, et al., Molecular gas in the X-ray bright group NGC 5044 as revealed by ALMA. Astrophys. J. 792, 94 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/792/2/94
S. De Grandi, D. Eckert, S. Molendi, M. Girardi, E. Roediger, et al., A textbook example of ram-pressure stripping in the Hydra A/A780 cluster. Astron. Astrophys. 592, 154 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526641
J. de Plaa, I. Zhuravleva, N. Werner, J.S. Kaastra, E. Churazov, et al., Estimating turbulent velocities in the elliptical galaxies NGC 5044 and NGC 5813. Astron. Astrophys. 539, 34 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118404
J. de Plaa, J.S. Kaastra, N. Werner, C. Pinto, P. Kosec, et al., CHEERS: the chemical evolution RGS sample. Astron. Astrophys. 607, 98 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629926
K. Dolag, F. Vazza, G. Brunetti, G. Tormen, Turbulent gas motions in galaxy cluster simulations: the role of smoothed particle hydrodynamics viscosity. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 364, 753–772 (2005)
M. Donahue, J.T. Stocke, Coronal line emission in cluster cooling flows. Astrophys. J. 422, 459–466 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1086/173741
J. Donnert, F. Vazza, M. Brüggen, J. ZuHone, Magnetic field amplification in galaxy clusters and its simulation. Space Sci. Rev. 214, 122 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0556-8
R.A. Dupke, J.N. Bregman, Detection of bulk motions in the intracluster medium of the Centaurus cluster. Astrophys. J. 562, 266–278 (2001a). https://doi.org/10.1086/323433
R.A. Dupke, J.N. Bregman, Velocity gradients in the intracluster gas of the Perseus cluster. Astrophys. J. 547, 705–713 (2001b). https://doi.org/10.1086/318393
R.A. Dupke, J.N. Bregman, Direct measurements of gas bulk flows in the intracluster medium of the Centaurus cluster with the Chandra satellite. Astrophys. J. 639, 781–787 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/499343
R.A. Dupke, N. Mirabal, J.N. Bregman, A.E. Evrard, The merger in Abell 576: a line-of-sight bullet cluster? Astrophys. J. 668, 781–795 (2007a). https://doi.org/10.1086/520708
R. Dupke, R.E. White III, J.N. Bregman, Different methods of forming cold fronts in nonmerging clusters. Astrophys. J. 671, 181–189 (2007b). https://doi.org/10.1086/522194
D. Eckert, S. Molendi, M. Owers, M. Gaspari, T. Venturi, et al., The stripping of a galaxy group diving into the massive cluster A2142. Astron. Astrophys. 570, 119 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424259
D. Eckert, M. Gaspari, F. Vazza, F. Gastaldello, A. Tramacere, et al., On the connection between turbulent motions and particle acceleration in galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. Lett. 843, 29 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa7c1a
D. Eckert, M. Gaspari, M.S. Owers, E. Roediger, S. Molendi, et al., Deep Chandra observations of the stripped galaxy group falling into Abell 2142. Astron. Astrophys. 605, 25 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730555
A.C. Edge, The detection of molecular gas in the central galaxies of cooling flow clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328, 762–782 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04802.x
S. Ehlert, N. Werner, A. Simionescu, S.W. Allen, J.D.P. Kenney, et al., Ripping apart at the seams: the network of stripped gas surrounding M86. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 430(3), 2401–2410 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt060
S. Ettori, G.W. Pratt, J. de Plaa, D. Eckert, J. Nevalainen, et al., The hot and energetic Universe: the astrophysics of galaxy groups and clusters (2013). arXiv e-prints 1306.2322
A.C. Fabian, Cooling flows in clusters of galaxies. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 32, 277–318 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001425
A.C. Fabian, Observational evidence of active galactic nuclei feedback. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50, 455–489 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125521
A.C. Fabian, P.E.J. Nulsen, Subsonic accretion of cooling gas in clusters of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 180, 479–484 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/180.3.479
A.C. Fabian, J.S. Sanders, S.W. Allen, C.S. Crawford, K. Iwasawa, et al., A deep Chandra observation of the Perseus cluster: shocks and ripples. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, 43–47 (2003a). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06902.x
A.C. Fabian, J.S. Sanders, C.S. Crawford, C.J. Conselice, J.S. Gallagher, R.F.G. Wyse, The relationship between the optical H\(\upalpha \) filaments and the X-ray emission in the core of the Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, 48–52 (2003b). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06856.x
A.C. Fabian, J.S. Sanders, G.B. Taylor, S.W. Allen, C.S. Crawford, et al., A very deep Chandra observation of the Perseus cluster: shocks, ripples and conduction. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 366, 417–428 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09896.x
A.C. Fabian, J.S. Sanders, S.W. Allen, R.E.A. Canning, E. Churazov, et al., A wide Chandra view of the core of the Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418, 2154–2164 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19402.x
A.C. Fabian, S.A. Walker, H.R. Russell, C. Pinto, J.S. Sanders, C.S. Reynolds, Do sound waves transport the AGN energy in the Perseus cluster? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, 1–5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slw170
A. Finoguenov, H. Böhringer, Y.-Y. Zhang, XMM-Newton study of the two-dimensional structure of the REFLEX-DXL galaxy clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 442, 827–839 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053306
W. Forman, C. Jones, E. Churazov, M. Markevitch, P. Nulsen, et al., Filaments, bubbles, and weak shocks in the gaseous atmosphere of M87. Astrophys. J. 665, 1057–1066 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/519480
W. Forman, E. Churazov, C. Jones, S. Heinz, R. Kraft, A. Vikhlinin, Partitioning the outburst energy of a low Eddington accretion rate AGN at the center of an elliptical galaxy: the recent 12 myr history of the supermassive black hole in M87. Astrophys. J. 844, 122 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa70e4
Y. Fujita, T.H. Reiprich, Can supermassive black holes sufficiently heat cool cores of galaxy clusters? Astrophys. J. 612, 797–804 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/422800
J.A. Gaskin, R. Allured, S.R. Bandler, S. Basso, M.W. Bautz, et al., Lynx mission concept status, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 10397 (2017), p. 103970. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2273911
M. Gaspari, E. Churazov, Constraining turbulence and conduction in the hot ICM through density perturbations. Astron. Astrophys. 559, 78 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322295
M. Gaspari, A. Sa̧dowski, Unifying the micro and macro properties of AGN feeding and feedback. Astrophys. J. 837, 149 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa61a3
M. Gaspari, C. Melioli, F. Brighenti, A. D’Ercole, The dance of heating and cooling in galaxy clusters: three-dimensional simulations of self-regulated active galactic nuclei outflows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 411, 349–372 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17688.x
M. Gaspari, M. Ruszkowski, P. Sharma, Cause and effect of feedback: multiphase gas in cluster cores heated by AGN jets. Astrophys. J. 746, 94 (2012a). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/94
M. Gaspari, F. Brighenti, P. Temi, Mechanical AGN feedback: controlling the thermodynamical evolution of elliptical galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 424, 190–209 (2012b). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21183.x
M. Gaspari, M. Ruszkowski, S.P. Oh, Chaotic cold accretion on to black holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 432, 3401–3422 (2013a). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt692
M. Gaspari, F. Brighenti, M. Ruszkowski, Solving the cooling flow problem through mechanical AGN feedback. Astron. Nachr. 334, 394 (2013b). https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201211865
M. Gaspari, E. Churazov, D. Nagai, E.T. Lau, I. Zhuravleva, The relation between gas density and velocity power spectra in galaxy clusters: high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations and the role of conduction. Astron. Astrophys. 569, 67 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424043
M. Gaspari, F. Brighenti, P. Temi, Chaotic cold accretion on to black holes in rotating atmospheres. Astron. Astrophys. 579, 62 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526151
M. Gaspari, P. Temi, F. Brighenti, Raining on black holes and massive galaxies: the top-down multiphase condensation model. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466, 677–704 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3108
M. Gaspari, M. McDonald, S.L. Hamer, F. Brighenti, P. Temi, et al., Shaken snow globes: kinematic tracers of the multiphase condensation cascade in massive galaxies, groups, and clusters. Astrophys. J. 854, 167 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaaa1b
F. Gastaldello, S. Molendi, Ni abundance in the core of the Perseus cluster: an answer to the significance of resonant scattering. Astrophys. J. 600, 670–680 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/379970
M. Gendron-Marsolais, J. Hlavacek-Larrondo, T.B. Martin, L. Drissen, M. McDonald, et al., Revealing the velocity structure of the filamentary nebula in NGC 1275 in its entirety. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479, 28–33 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/sly084
M.R. Gilfanov, R.A. Sunyaev, E.M. Churazov, Radial brightness profiles of resonance X-ray lines in galaxy clusters. Sov. Astron. Lett. 13, 3–7 (1987)
M. Gitti, P.E.J. Nulsen, L.P. David, B.R. McNamara, M.W. Wise, A Chandra study of the large-scale shock and cool filaments in Hydra A: evidence for substantial gas dredge-up by the central outburst. Astrophys. J. 732, 13 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/732/1/13
C.M. Graney, C.L. Sarazin, Optical coronal emission lines from equilibrium and cooling plasmas. Astrophys. J. 364, 561–567 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1086/169438
L. Gu, H. Xu, J. Gu, Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, et al., A Chandra study of temperature substructures in intermediate-redshift galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 700, 1161–1172 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1161
L. Gu, I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, F. Paerels, J. Kaastra, H. Yamaguchi, X-ray spectroscopy of galaxy clusters: beyond the CIE modeling. Space Sci. Rev. 214, 108 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0544-z
S.F. Gull, K.J.E. Northover, Bubble model of extragalactic radio sources. Nature 244, 80–83 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1038/244080a0
E.J. Hallman, M. Markevitch, Chandra observation of the merging cluster A168: a late stage in the evolution of a cold front. Astrophys. J. Lett. 610, 81–84 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/423449
S.L. Hamer, A.C. Edge, A.M. Swinbank, R.J. Wilman, F. Combes, et al., Optical emission line nebulae in galaxy cluster cores 1: the morphological, kinematic and spectral properties of the sample. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 460, 1758–1789 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1054
N.A. Hatch, C.S. Crawford, A.C. Fabian, R.M. Johnstone, Detections of molecular hydrogen in the outer filaments of NGC1275. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 358, 765–773 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08787.x
T.M. Heckman, S.A. Baum, W.J.M. van Breugel, P. McCarthy, Dynamical, physical, and chemical properties of emission-line nebulae in cooling flows. Astrophys. J. 338, 48–77 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1086/167181
S. Heinz, C.S. Reynolds, M.C. Begelman, X-ray signatures of evolving radio galaxies. Astrophys. J. 501, 126–136 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1086/305807
S. Heinz, M. Brüggen, B. Morsony, Prospects of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy for active galactic nucleus feedback in galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 708, 462–468 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/462
Hitomi Collaboration, The quiescent intracluster medium in the core of the Perseus cluster. Nature 535, 117–121 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18627
Hitomi Collaboration, Atmospheric gas dynamics in the Perseus cluster observed with Hitomi. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 70, 9 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psx138
Hitomi Collaboration, Measurements of resonant scattering in the Perseus cluster core with Hitomi SXS. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 70, 10 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psx127
J. Hlavacek-Larrondo, A.C. Fabian, A.C. Edge, H. Ebeling, J.S. Sanders, et al., Extreme AGN feedback in the MAssive cluster survey: a detailed study of X-ray cavities at z>0.3. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 421, 1360–1384 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20405.x
F. Hofmann, J.S. Sanders, K. Nandra, N. Clerc, M. Gaspari, Thermodynamic perturbations in the X-ray halo of 33 clusters of galaxies observed with Chandra ACIS. Astron. Astrophys. 585, 130 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526925
E.M. Hu, L.L. Cowie, Z. Wang, Long-slit spectroscopy of gas in the cores of X-ray luminous clusters. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 59, 447–498 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1086/191081
B. Huber, C. Tchernin, D. Eckert, C. Farnier, A. Manalaysay, et al., Probing the cosmic-ray content of galaxy clusters by stacking Fermi-LAT count maps. Astron. Astrophys. 560, 64 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321947
L. Iapichino, W. Schmidt, J.C. Niemeyer, J. Merklein, Turbulence production and turbulent pressure support in the intergalactic medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 2297–2308 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18550.x
Y. Ichinohe, N. Werner, A. Simionescu, S.W. Allen, R.E.A. Canning, et al., The growth of the galaxy cluster Abell 85: mergers, shocks, stripping and seeding of clumping. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 448, 2971–2986 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv217
Y. Ichinohe, A. Simionescu, N. Werner, T. Takahashi, An azimuthally resolved study of the cold front in Abell 3667. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 467, 3662–3676 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx280
Y. Ichinohe, A. Simionescu, N. Werner, A.C. Fabian, T. Takahashi, Substructures associated with the sloshing cold front in the Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 483, 1744–1753 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3257
N.A. Inogamov, R.A. Sunyaev, Turbulence in clusters of galaxies and X-ray line profiles. Astron. Lett. 29, 791–824 (2003)
J.S. Kaastra, R. Lieu, J.P.D. Mittaz, J.A.M. Bleeker, R. Mewe, et al., High- and low-energy nonthermal X-ray emission from the Abell 2199 cluster of galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 519, 119–122 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1086/312112
S.M. Kahn, J.R. Peterson, F.B.S. Paerels, H. Xu, J.S. Kaastra, et al., High resolution X-ray spectroscopic constraints on cooling flow models of clusters of galaxies and gaseous haloes around elliptical galaxies, in Matter and Energy in Clusters of Galaxies, ed. by S. Bowyer, C.-Y. Hwang. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 301 (2003), p. 23
H. Kawahara, E.D. Reese, T. Kitayama, S. Sasaki, Y. Suto, Extracting galaxy cluster gas inhomogeneity from X-ray surface brightness: a statistical approach and application to Abell 3667. Astrophys. J. 687, 936–950 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1086/591930
R. Khatri, M. Gaspari, Thermal SZ fluctuations in the ICM: probing turbulence and thermodynamics in Coma cluster with Planck. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 463, 655–669 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2027
C.C. Kirkpatrick, B.R. McNamara, Hot outflows in galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 452, 4361–4376 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1574
C.C. Kirkpatrick, M. Gitti, K.W. Cavagnolo, B.R. McNamara, L.P. David, et al., Direct evidence for outflow of metal-enriched gas along the radio jets of Hydra A. Astrophys. J. Lett. 707, 69–72 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L69
C.C. Kirkpatrick, B.R. McNamara, K.W. Cavagnolo, Anisotropic metal-enriched outflows driven by active galactic nuclei in clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 731, 23 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/731/2/L23
T. Kitayama, M. Bautz, M. Markevitch, K. Matsushita, S. Allen, et al., ASTRO-H white paper—clusters of galaxies and related science (2014). arXiv e-prints 1412.1176
J. Kormendy, L.C. Ho, Coevolution (or not) of supermassive black holes and host galaxies. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51, 511–653 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811
R.P. Kraft, W.R. Forman, C. Jones, P.E.J. Nulsen, M.J. Hardcastle, et al., THE GAS DYNAMICS OF NGC 4472 REVEALED BY XMM-NEWTON. Astrophys. J. 727(1), 41 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/41
R. Kraft, E. Roediger, M. Machacek, W.R. Forman, P.E.J. Nulsen, et al., Stripped elliptical galaxies as probes of ICM physics: III. Deep Chandra observation of NGC 4552-measuring the viscosity of the intracluster medium. Astrophys. J. 848, 27 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8a6e
A.V. Kravtsov, S. Borgani, Formation of galaxy clusters. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50, 353–409 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125502
M.W. Kunz, A.A. Schekochihin, S.C. Cowley, J.J. Binney, J.S. Sanders, A thermally stable heating mechanism for the intracluster medium: turbulence, magnetic fields and plasma instabilities. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410, 2446–2457 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17621.x
E.T. Lau, A.V. Kravtsov, D. Nagai, Residual gas motions in the intracluster medium and bias in hydrostatic measurements of mass profiles of clusters. Astrophys. J. 705, 1129–1138 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1129
E.T. Lau, M. Gaspari, D. Nagai, P. Coppi, Physical origins of gas motions in galaxy cluster cores: interpreting Hitomi observations of the Perseus cluster. Astrophys. J. 849, 54 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8c00
Y. Li, G.L. Bryan, Modeling active galactic nucleus feedback in cool-core clusters: the formation of cold clumps. Astrophys. J. 789, 153 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/153
Y. Li, M. Ruszkowski, G.L. Bryan, AGN heating in simulated cool-core clusters. Astrophys. J. 847, 106 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa88c1
M. Loewenstein, E.G. Zweibel, M.C. Begelman, Cosmic-ray heating of cooling flows—a critical analysis. Astrophys. J. 377, 392–402 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1086/170369
N. Lyskova, E. Churazov, C. Zhang, W. Forman, C. Jones, et al., Close-up view of an ongoing merger between the NGC 4839 group and the Coma cluster—a post-merger scenario (2018). arXiv e-prints 1811.07944
M. Lyutikov, Dissipation in intercluster plasma. Astrophys. J. Lett. 668, 1–4 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/522696
M. Machacek, A. Dosaj, W. Forman, C. Jones, M. Markevitch, et al., Infall of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1404 into the Fornax cluster. Astrophys. J. 621, 663–672 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1086/427548
A. Malagoli, R. Rosner, G. Bodo, On the thermal instability of galactic and cluster halos. Astrophys. J. 319, 632–636 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1086/165483
M. Markevitch, A. Vikhlinin, Shocks and cold fronts in galaxy clusters. Phys. Rep. 443, 1–53 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2007.01.001
M. Markevitch, T.J. Ponman, P.E.J. Nulsen, M.W. Bautz, D.J. Burke, et al., Chandra observation of Abell 2142: survival of dense subcluster cores in a merger. Astrophys. J. 541, 542–549 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1086/309470
M. Markevitch, A. Vikhlinin, P. Mazzotta, Nonhydrostatic gas in the core of the relaxed galaxy cluster A1795. Astrophys. J. Lett. 562, 153–156 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1086/337973
M. Markevitch, A.H. Gonzalez, L. David, A. Vikhlinin, S. Murray, et al., A textbook example of a bow shock in the merging galaxy cluster 1E 0657-56. Astrophys. J. Lett. 567, 27–31 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1086/339619
W.G. Mathews, J.N. Bregman, Radiative accretion flow onto giant galaxies in clusters. Astrophys. J. 224, 308–319 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1086/156379
W.G. Mathews, D.A. Buote, F. Brighenti, Spatial diffusion of X-ray emission lines in the M87 cooling flow; evidence for absorption. Astrophys. J. Lett. 550, 31–34 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1086/319497
P. Mazzotta, A.C. Edge, M. Markevitch, A Chandra study of the complex structure in the core of 2A 0335+096. Astrophys. J. 596, 190–203 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1086/377633
M. McCourt, P. Sharma, E. Quataert, I.J. Parrish, Thermal instability in gravitationally stratified plasmas: implications for multiphase structure in clusters and galaxy haloes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 419, 3319–3337 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19972.x
M. McDonald, L.H. Wei, S. Veilleux, Cold molecular gas along the cooling X-ray filament in A1795. Astrophys. J. Lett. 755, 24 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/755/2/L24
M. McDonald, S.W. Allen, M. Bayliss, B.A. Benson, L.E. Bleem, et al., The remarkable similarity of massive galaxy clusters from \(z\sim 0\) to \(z\sim 1.9\). Astrophys. J. 843, 28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa7740
B.R. McNamara, P.E.J. Nulsen, Mechanical feedback from active galactic nuclei in galaxies, groups and clusters. New J. Phys. 14(5), 055023 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/14/5/055023
B.R. McNamara, M. Wise, P.E.J. Nulsen, L.P. David, C.L. Sarazin, et al., Chandra X-ray observations of the Hydra A cluster: an interaction between the radio source and the X-ray-emitting gas. Astrophys. J. Lett. 534, 135–138 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1086/312662
B.R. McNamara, P.E.J. Nulsen, M.W. Wise, D.A. Rafferty, C. Carilli, et al., The heating of gas in a galaxy cluster by X-ray cavities and large-scale shock fronts. Nature 433, 45–47 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03202
B.R. McNamara, H.R. Russell, P.E.J. Nulsen, A.C. Edge, N.W. Murray, et al., A 1010 solar mass flow of molecular gas in the A1835 brightest cluster galaxy. Astrophys. J. 785, 44 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/44
B.R. McNamara, H.R. Russell, P.E.J. Nulsen, M.T. Hogan, A.C. Fabian, et al., A mechanism for stimulating AGN feedback by lifting gas in massive galaxies. Astrophys. J. 830, 79 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/79
J. Merten, D. Coe, R. Dupke, R. Massey, A. Zitrin, et al., Creation of cosmic structure in the complex galaxy cluster merger Abell 2744. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 417, 333–347 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19266.x
F. Miniati, The matryoshka run: a Eulerian refinement strategy to study the statistics of turbulence in virialized cosmic structures. Astrophys. J. 782, 21 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/782/1/21
R. Mittal, C.P. O’Dea, G. Ferland, J.B.R. Oonk, A.C. Edge, et al., Herschel observations of the Centaurus cluster—the dynamics of cold gas in a cool core. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418, 2386–2402 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19634.x
R. Mittal, J.B.R. Oonk, G.J. Ferland, A.C. Edge, C.P. O’Dea, et al., Herschel observations of extended atomic gas in the core of the Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 426, 2957–2977 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21891.x
T. Mroczkowski, S. Dicker, J. Sayers, E.D. Reese, B. Mason, et al., A multi-wavelength study of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect in the triple-merger cluster MACS J0717.5+3745 with MUSTANG and Bolocam. Astrophys. J. 761, 47 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/761/1/47
T. Mroczkowski, D. Nagai, K. Basu, J. Chluba, J. Sayers, et al., Astrophysics with the spatially and spectrally resolved Sunyaev-Zeldovich effects: a millimetre/submillimetre probe of the warm and hot Universe (2018). arXiv e-prints 1811.02310
D. Nagai, A. Vikhlinin, A.V. Kravtsov, Testing X-ray measurements of galaxy clusters with cosmological simulations. Astrophys. J. 655, 98–108 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/509868
D. Nagai, E.T. Lau, C. Avestruz, K. Nelson, D.H. Rudd, Predicting merger-induced gas motions in \(\varLambda \)CDM galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 777, 137 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/137
K. Nandra, D. Barret, X. Barcons, A. Fabian, J.-W. den Herder, et al., The hot and energetic Universe: a white paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena + mission (2013). arXiv e-prints 1306.2307
K. Nelson, D.H. Rudd, L. Shaw, D. Nagai, Evolution of the merger-induced hydrostatic mass bias in galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 751, 121 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/121
K. Nelson, E.T. Lau, D. Nagai, D.H. Rudd, L. Yu, Weighing galaxy clusters with gas. II. On the origin of hydrostatic mass bias in \(\varLambda \)CDM galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 782, 107 (2014a). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/782/2/107
K. Nelson, E.T. Lau, D. Nagai, Hydrodynamic simulation of non-thermal pressure profiles of galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 792, 25 (2014b). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/25
D.M. Neumann, M. Arnaud, R. Gastaud, N. Aghanim, D. Lumb, et al., The NGC 4839 group falling into the Coma cluster observed by XMM-Newton. Astron. Astrophys. 365(1), 74–79 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20000182
M.L. Norman, G.L. Bryan, Cluster turbulence, in The Radio Galaxy Messier 87, ed. by H.-J. Röser, K. Meisenheimer. Lecture Notes in Physics, Berlin Springer Verlag, vol. 530 (1999), p. 106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0106425
A. Ogorzalek, I. Zhuravleva, S.W. Allen, C. Pinto, N. Werner, et al., Improved measurements of turbulence in the hot gaseous atmospheres of nearby giant elliptical galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 1659–1676 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2030
T.B. O’Hara, J.J. Mohr, M.A. Guerrero, A Chandra study of the effects of a major merger on the structure of A2319. Astrophys. J. 604, 604–613 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/382063
H. Omma, J. Binney, Structural stability of cooling flows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 350, 13–16 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07809.x
N. Ota, H. Yoshida, Search for gas bulk motions in eight nearby clusters of galaxies with Suzaku. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 68, 19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psv128
N. Ota, Y. Fukazawa, A.C. Fabian, T. Kanemaru, M. Kawaharada, et al., Suzaku observations of the Centaurus cluster: absence of bulk motions in the intracluster medium. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 59, 351–359 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/59.sp1.S351
N. Ota, D. Nagai, E.T. Lau, Constraining hydrostatic mass bias of galaxy clusters with high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 70, 51 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psy040
M.S. Owers, S.W. Randall, P.E.J. Nulsen, W.J. Couch, L.P. David, J.C. Kempner, The dissection of Abell 2744: a rich cluster growing through major and minor mergers. Astrophys. J. 728, 27 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/27
M. Ozawa, H. Uchiyama, H. Matsumoto, H. Nakajima, K. Koyama, et al., Energy-scale calibration of the Suzaku X-ray imaging spectrometer using the checker flag charge-injection technique in orbit. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 61, 1–7 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/61.sp1.S1
I.J. Parrish, J.M. Stone, Nonlinear evolution of the magnetothermal instability in two dimensions. Astrophys. J. 633, 334–348 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1086/444589
I.J. Parrish, M. McCourt, E. Quataert, P. Sharma, Turbulent pressure support in the outer parts of galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 419, 29–33 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01171.x
R. Paterno-Mahler, E.L. Blanton, S.W. Randall, T.E. Clarke, Deep Chandra observations of the extended gas sloshing spiral in A2029. Astrophys. J. 773, 114 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/114
J.R. Peterson, A.C. Fabian, X-ray spectroscopy of cooling clusters. Phys. Rep. 427, 1–39 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2005.12.007
C. Pinto, A.C. Fabian, N. Werner, P. Kosec, J. Ahoranta, et al., Discovery of O VII line emitting gas in elliptical galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 572, 8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425270
C. Pinto, J.S. Sanders, N. Werner, J. de Plaa, A.C. Fabian, et al., Chemical enrichment RGS cluster sample (CHEERS): constraints on turbulence. Astron. Astrophys. 575, 38 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425278
F. Pizzolato, N. Soker, On the nature of feedback heating in cooling flow clusters. Astrophys. J. 632, 821–830 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1086/444344
D. Prasad, P. Sharma, A. Babul, AGN jet-driven stochastic cold accretion in cluster cores. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 471, 1531–1542 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1698
G.W. Pratt, et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2019, this issue). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0591-0
D.A. Prokhorov, E.M. Churazov, Counting gamma rays in the directions of galaxy clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 567, 93 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322454
F.A. Pulido, B.R. McNamara, A.C. Edge, M.T. Hogan, A.N. Vantyghem, et al., The origin of molecular clouds in central galaxies. Astrophys. J. 853, 177 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa54b
E. Quataert, Buoyancy instabilities in weakly magnetized low-collisionality plasmas. Astrophys. J. 673, 758–762 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1086/525248
S.W. Randall, C. Jones, M. Markevitch, E.L. Blanton, P.E.J. Nulsen, W.R. Forman, Gas sloshing and bubbles in the galaxy group NGC 5098. Astrophys. J. 700, 1404–1414 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1404
S.W. Randall, P.E.J. Nulsen, C. Jones, W.R. Forman, E. Bulbul, et al., A very deep Chandra observation of the galaxy group NGC 5813: AGN shocks, feedback, and outburst history. Astrophys. J. 805, 112 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/112
E. Rasia, S. Ettori, L. Moscardini, P. Mazzotta, S. Borgani, et al., Systematics in the X-ray cluster mass estimators. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 369, 2013–2024 (2006)
P. Rebusco, E. Churazov, R. Sunyaev, H. Böhringer, W. Forman, Width of X-ray lines as a diagnostic of gas motions in cooling flows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 384, 1511–1518 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12770.x
Y. Revaz, F. Combes, P. Salomé, Formation of cold filaments in cooling flow clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 477, 33–36 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078915
C.S. Reynolds, S. Heinz, M.C. Begelman, The hydrodynamics of dead radio galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 332, 271–282 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.04724.x
C.S. Reynolds, S.A. Balbus, A.A. Schekochihin, Inefficient driving of bulk turbulence by active galactic nuclei in a hydrodynamic model of the intracluster medium. Astrophys. J. 815, 41 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/815/1/41
E. Roediger, M. Brüggen, A. Simionescu, H. Böhringer, E. Churazov, W.R. Forman, Gas sloshing, cold front formation, and metal redistribution: the Virgo cluster as a quantitative test case. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413, 2057–2077 (2011)
E. Roediger, R.P. Kraft, M.E. Machacek, W.R. Forman, P.E.J. Nulsen, et al., Irregular sloshing cold fronts in the nearby merging groups NGC 7618 and UGC 12491: evidence for Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. Astrophys. J. 754, 147 (2012a). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/754/2/147
E. Roediger, L. Lovisari, R. Dupke, S. Ghizzardi, M. Brüggen, et al., Gas sloshing, cold fronts, Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and the merger history of the cluster of galaxies Abell 496. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 420, 3632–3648 (2012b). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20287.x
E. Roediger, R.P. Kraft, P. Nulsen, E. Churazov, W. Forman, et al., Viscous Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in highly ionized plasmas. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 436, 1721–1740 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1691
E. Roediger, R.P. Kraft, P.E.J. Nulsen, W.R. Forman, M. Machacek, et al., Stripped elliptical galaxies as probes of ICM physics: I. Tails, wakes, and flow patterns in and around stripped ellipticals. Astrophys. J. 806, 103 (2015a). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/103
E. Roediger, R.P. Kraft, P.E.J. Nulsen, W.R. Forman, M. Machacek, et al., STRIPPED ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES AS PROBES OF ICM PHYSICS. II. STIRRED, BUT MIXED? VISCOUS AND INVISCID GAS STRIPPING OF THE VIRGO ELLIPTICAL M89. Astrophys. J. 806(1), 104 (2015b). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/104
M. Roncarelli, M. Gaspari, S. Ettori, V. Biffi, F. Brighenti, et al., Measuring turbulence and gas motions in galaxy clusters via synthetic Athena X-IFU observations. Astron. Astrophys. 618, 39 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833371
M. Rossetti, D. Eckert, S. De Grandi, F. Gastaldello, S. Ghizzardi, et al., Abell 2142 at large scales: an extreme case for sloshing? Astron. Astrophys. 556, 44 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321319
H.R. Russell, B.R. McNamara, A.C. Fabian, P.E.J. Nulsen, A.C. Edge, et al., ALMA observations of cold molecular gas filaments trailing rising radio bubbles in PKS 0745-191. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 3134–3149 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw409
H.R. Russell, M. McDonald, B.R. McNamara, A.C. Fabian, P.E.J. Nulsen, et al., Alma observations of massive molecular gas filaments encasing radio bubbles in the Phoenix cluster. Astrophys. J. 836, 130 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/130
H.R. Russell, B.R. McNamara, A.C. Fabian, P.E.J. Nulsen, F. Combes, et al., Close entrainment of massive molecular gas flows by radio bubbles in the central galaxy of Abell 1795. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 4024–4037 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2255
M. Ruszkowski, S.P. Oh, Shaken and stirred: conduction and turbulence in clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 713, 1332–1342 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/713/2/1332
M. Ruszkowski, S.P. Oh, Galaxy motions, turbulence and conduction in clusters of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 1493–1507 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18482.x
M. Ruszkowski, M. Brüggen, M.C. Begelman, Cluster heating by viscous dissipation of sound waves. Astrophys. J. 611, 158–163 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/422158
M. Ruszkowski, H.-Y.K. Yang, C.S. Reynolds, Cosmic-ray feedback heating of the intracluster medium. Astrophys. J. 844, 13 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa79f8
M. Ruszkowski, H.-Y.K. Yang, E. Zweibel, Global simulations of galactic winds including cosmic-ray streaming. Astrophys. J. 834, 208 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/208
D. Ryu, H. Kang, E. Hallman, T.W. Jones, Cosmological shock waves and their role in the large-scale structure of the universe. Astrophys. J. 593, 599–610 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1086/376723
A. Sa̧dowski, M. Gaspari, Kinetic and radiative power from optically thin accretion flows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 1398–1404 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx543
I. Sakelliou, J.R. Peterson, T. Tamura, F.B.S. Paerels, J.S. Kaastra, et al., High resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy of M 87 with the reflection grating spectrometers on XMM-Newton. Astron. Astrophys. 391, 903–909 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020900
P. Salomé, F. Combes, A.C. Edge, C. Crawford, M. Erlund, et al., Cold molecular gas in the Perseus cluster core. Association with X-ray cavity, H\(\upalpha \) filaments and cooling flow. Astron. Astrophys. 454, 437–445 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20054745
P. Salomé, F. Combes, Y. Revaz, D. Downes, A.C. Edge, A.C. Fabian, A very extended molecular web around NGC 1275. Astron. Astrophys. 531, 85 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200811333
J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, Resonance scattering, absorption and off-centre abundance peaks in clusters of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 370, 63–73 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10497.x
J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, Deep Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations of AWM 7 I. investigating X-ray surface brightness fluctuations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 421, 726–742 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20348.x
J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, Velocity width measurements of the coolest X-ray emitting material in the cores of clusters, groups and elliptical galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 429, 2727–2738 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts543
J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, R.K. Smith, J.R. Peterson, A direct limit on the turbulent velocity of the intracluster medium in the core of Abell 1835 from XMM-Newton. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402, 11–15 (2010a). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00789.x
J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, K.A. Frank, J.R. Peterson, H.R. Russell, Deep high-resolution X-ray spectra from cool-core clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402, 127–144 (2010b). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15902.x
C.L. Sarazin, C.M. Graney, Optical coronal emission lines from cooling flows in elliptical galaxies and galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 375, 532–543 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1086/170215
J. Sayers, T. Mroczkowski, M. Zemcov, P.M. Korngut, J. Bock, et al., A measurement of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich signal toward MACS J0717.5+3745. Astrophys. J. 778, 52 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/778/1/52
A.A. Schekochihin, S.C. Cowley, Turbulence, magnetic fields, and plasma physics in clusters of galaxies. Phys. Plasmas 13(5), 056501 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2179053
A.A. Schekochihin, S.C. Cowley, R.M. Kulsrud, G.W. Hammett, P. Sharma, Plasma instabilities and magnetic field growth in clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 629, 139–142 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1086/431202
A.A. Schekochihin, S.C. Cowley, F. Rincon, M.S. Rosin, Magnetofluid dynamics of magnetized cosmic plasma: firehose and gyrothermal instabilities. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 405, 291–300 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16493.x
P. Schuecker, A. Finoguenov, F. Miniati, H. Böhringer, U.G. Briel, Probing turbulence in the Coma galaxy cluster. Astron. Astrophys. 426, 387–397 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041039
C. Shang, S.P. Oh, Probing gas motions in the intra-cluster medium: a mixture model approach. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 426, 3435–3454 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21897.x
C. Shang, S.P. Oh, Disentangling resonant scattering and gas motions in galaxy cluster emission line profiles. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433, 1172–1184 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt790
P. Sharma, M. McCourt, E. Quataert, I.J. Parrish, Thermal instability and the feedback regulation of hot haloes in clusters, groups and galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 420, 3174–3194 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20246.x
A. Sheardown, E. Roediger, Y. Su, R.P. Kraft, T. Fish, et al., The recent growth history of the Fornax cluster derived from simultaneous sloshing and gas stripping: simulating the infall of NGC 1404. Astrophys. J. 865, 118 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadc0f
A. Sheardown et al., Astrophys. J. (2019, submitted)
X. Shi, E. Komatsu, K. Nelson, D. Nagai, Analytical model for non-thermal pressure in galaxy clusters II. comparison with cosmological hydrodynamics simulation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 448, 1020–1029 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv036
X. Shi, E. Komatsu, D. Nagai, E.T. Lau, Analytical model for non-thermal pressure in galaxy clusters III. removing the hydrostatic mass bias. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 455, 2936–2944 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2504
X. Shi, D. Nagai, E.T. Lau, Multiscale analysis of turbulence evolution in the density-stratified intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481, 1075–1082 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2340
R. Shibata, M. Ishida, N.Y. Yamasaki, T. Ohashi, K. Matsushita, et al., Distributions of the temperature and metal abundance in the Virgo cluster of galaxies, in X-Ray Astronomy 2000, ed. by R. Giacconi, S. Serio, L. Stella. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 234 (2001), p. 357
D. Sijacki, V. Springel, Hydrodynamical simulations of cluster formation with central AGN heating. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 366, 397–416 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09860.x
J. Silk, M.J. Rees, Quasars and galaxy formation. Astron. Astrophys. 331, 1–4 (1998)
A. Simionescu, N. Werner, A. Finoguenov, H. Böhringer, M. Brüggen, Metal-rich multi-phase gas in M 87. AGN-driven metal transport, magnetic-field supported multi-temperature gas, and constraints on non-thermal emission observed with XMM-Newton. Astron. Astrophys. 482, 97–112 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078749
A. Simionescu, N. Werner, H. Böhringer, J.S. Kaastra, A. Finoguenov, et al., Chemical enrichment in the cluster of galaxies Hydra A. Astron. Astrophys. 493, 409–424 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810225
A. Simionescu, N. Werner, O. Urban, S.W. Allen, A.C. Fabian, et al., Large-scale motions in the Perseus galaxy cluster. Astrophys. J. 757, 182 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/757/2/182
A. Simionescu, N. Werner, A. Mantz, S.W. Allen, O. Urban, Witnessing the growth of the nearest galaxy cluster: thermodynamics of the Virgo cluster outskirts. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469, 1476–1495 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx919
A. Simionescu, G. Tremblay, N. Werner, R.E.A. Canning, S.W. Allen, J.B.R. Oonk, ALMA observation of the disruption of molecular gas in M87. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 3004–3009 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty047
W.B. Sparks, J.E. Pringle, M. Donahue, R. Carswell, M. Voit, et al., Discovery of C IV emission filaments in M87. Astrophys. J. Lett. 704, 20–24 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/704/1/L20
Y. Su, R.P. Kraft, P.E.J. Nulsen, E. Roediger, W.R. Forman, et al., Capturing the 3D motion of an infalling galaxy via fluid dynamics. Astrophys. J. 835, 19 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/19
Y. Su, R.P. Kraft, E. Roediger, P.E.J. Nulsen, W.R. Forman, et al., Deep Chandra observations of NGC 1404: cluster plasma physics revealed by an infalling early-type galaxy. Astrophys. J. 834, 74 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/74
C. Sugawara, M. Takizawa, K. Nakazawa, Suzaku observation of the radio halo cluster Abell 2319: gas dynamics and hard X-ray properties. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 61, 1293–1303 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/61.6.1293
M. Sun, M. Donahue, E. Roediger, P.E.J. Nulsen, G.M. Voit, et al., Spectacular X-ray tails, intracluster star formation, and ULXs in A3627. Astrophys. J. 708, 946–964 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/946
R.A. Sunyaev, E.M. Churazov, Millimeter-wavelength lines of heavy elements predicted from the hot gas in supernova remnants and galaxy clusters. Pisma Astron. Zh. 10, 483–493 (1984)
R.A. Sunyaev, I.B. Zeldovich, The velocity of clusters of galaxies relative to the microwave background—the possibility of its measurement. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 190, 413–420 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/190.3.413
T. Tamura, K. Hayashida, S. Ueda, M. Nagai, Discovery of gas bulk motion in the galaxy cluster Abell 2256 with Suzaku. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 63, 1009–1017 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/63.sp3.S1009
T. Tamura, N.Y. Yamasaki, R. Iizuka, Y. Fukazawa, K. Hayashida, et al., Gas bulk motion in the Perseus cluster measured with Suzaku. Astrophys. J. 782, 38 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/782/1/38
T. Tanaka, H. Kunieda, M. Hudaverdi, A. Furuzawa, Y. Tawara, Non-uniform temperature distribution in the galaxy clusters 2A 0335+096 and Abell 496 observed by XMM-Newton. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 58, 703–718 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/58.4.703
X. Tang, E. Churazov, Sound wave generation by a spherically symmetric outburst and AGN feedback in galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 3516–3532 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx590
M. Tashiro, H. Maejima, K. Toda, R. Kelley, L. Reichenthal, et al., Concept of the X-ray Astronomy Recovery mission, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 10699, 2018, p. 1069922. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2309455
P. Temi, A. Amblard, M. Gitti, F. Brighenti, M. Gaspari, et al., ALMA observations of molecular clouds in three group-centered elliptical galaxies: NGC 5846, NGC 4636, and NGC 5044. Astrophys. J. 858, 17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab9b0
G.R. Tremblay, C.P. O’Dea, S.A. Baum, R. Mittal, M.A. McDonald, et al., Far-ultraviolet morphology of star-forming filaments in cool core brightest cluster galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 451, 3768–3800 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1151
G.R. Tremblay, F. Combes, J.B.R. Oonk, H.R. Russell, M.A. McDonald, et al., A galaxy-scale fountain of cold molecular gas pumped by a black hole. Astrophys. J. 865, 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad6dd
M. Valentini, F. Brighenti, AGN-stimulated cooling of hot gas in elliptical galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 448, 1979–1998 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv090
M. van Dyke, An Album of Fluid Motion (Parabolic Press, Stanford, 1982)
R.J. van Weeren, F. de Gasperin, H. Akamatsu, M. Brüggen, L. Feretti, et al., Diffuse radio emission from galaxy clusters (2019). arXiv e-prints 1901.04496
A.N. Vantyghem, B.R. McNamara, H.R. Russell, M.T. Hogan, A.C. Edge, et al., Molecular gas along a bright H\(\upalpha \) filament in 2A 0335+096 revealed by ALMA. Astrophys. J. 832, 148 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/148
F. Vazza, G. Brunetti, A. Kritsuk, R. Wagner, C. Gheller, M. Norman, Turbulent motions and shocks waves in galaxy clusters simulated with adaptive mesh refinement. Astron. Astrophys. 504, 33–43 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912535
F. Vazza, G. Brunetti, C. Gheller, R. Brunino, M. Brüggen, Massive and refined. II. The statistical properties of turbulent motions in massive galaxy clusters with high spatial resolution. Astron. Astrophys. 529, 17 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201016015
J.C. Vernaleo, C.S. Reynolds, AGN feedback and cooling flows: problems with simple hydrodynamic models. Astrophys. J. 645, 83–94 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/504029
R. Vijayaraghavan, C. Sarazin, The evaporation and survival of cluster galaxies’ coronae. II. The effectiveness of anisotropic thermal conduction and survival of stripped galactic tails. Astrophys. J. 848, 63 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8bb3
R. Vijayaraghavan, C. Sarazin, The evaporation and survival of cluster galaxy coronae. I. The effectiveness of isotropic thermal conduction including saturation. Astrophys. J. 841, 22 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa706d
A. Vikhlinin, M. Markevitch, S.S. Murray, A moving cold front in the intergalactic medium of A3667. Astrophys. J. 551, 160–171 (2001a). https://doi.org/10.1086/320078
A. Vikhlinin, M. Markevitch, S.S. Murray, Chandra estimate of the magnetic field strength near the cold front in A3667. Astrophys. J. Lett. 549, 47–50 (2001b). https://doi.org/10.1086/319126
G.M. Voit, A role for turbulence in circumgalactic precipitation. Astrophys. J. 868, 102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae8e2
G.M. Voit, M. Donahue, J.D. Slavin, Emission lines from condensing intracluster gas. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 95, 87–105 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1086/192095
G.M. Voit, M. Donahue, G.L. Bryan, M. McDonald, Regulation of star formation in giant galaxies by precipitation, feedback and conduction. Nature 519, 203–206 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14167
S.A. Walker, A.C. Fabian, J.S. Sanders, Large-scale gas sloshing out to half the virial radius in the strongest cool core REXCESS galaxy cluster, RXJ2014.8-2430. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 441, 31–35 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slu040
S.A. Walker, J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, Constraining gas motions in the Centaurus cluster using X-ray surface brightness fluctuations and metal diffusion. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 453, 3699–3705 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1929
S.A. Walker, J. Hlavacek-Larrondo, M. Gendron-Marsolais, A.C. Fabian, H. Intema, et al., Is there a giant Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the sloshing cold front of the Perseus cluster? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 2506–2516 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx640
S.A. Walker, J. ZuHone, A. Fabian, J. Sanders, The split in the ancient cold front in the Perseus cluster. Nat. Astron. 2, 292–296 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0401-8
S.A. Walker, J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, What fraction of the density fluctuations in the Perseus cluster core is due to gas sloshing rather than AGN feedback? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481, 1718–1725 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2390
S. Walker, A. Simionescu, D. Nagai, N. Okabe, D. Eckert, et al., The physics of galaxy cluster outskirts. Space Sci. Rev. 215, 7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0572-8
N. Werner, I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, A. Simionescu, S.W. Allen, et al., Constraints on turbulent pressure in the X-ray haloes of giant elliptical galaxies from resonant scattering. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 398, 23–32 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14860.x
N. Werner, J.B.R. Oonk, M. Sun, P.E.J. Nulsen, S.W. Allen, et al., The origin of cold gas in giant elliptical galaxies and its role in fuelling radio-mode AGN feedback. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439, 2291–2306 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu006
N. Werner, J.A. ZuHone, I. Zhuravleva, Y. Ichinohe, A. Simionescu, et al., Deep Chandra observation and numerical studies of the nearest cluster cold front in the sky. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 455, 846–858 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2358
N. Werner, B.R. McNamara, E. Churazov, E. Scannapieco, Hot atmospheres, cold gas, AGN feedback and the evolution of early type galaxies: a topical perspective. Space Sci. Rev. 215, 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0571-9
J. Wiener, C. Pfrommer, S.P. Oh, Cosmic ray-driven galactic winds: streaming or diffusion? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 467, 906–921 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx127
J. Wilms, T. Brand, D. Barret, T. Beuchert, J.-W. den Herder, et al., ATHENA end-to-end simulations, in Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray. Proc. SPIE, vol. 9144, 2014, p. 91445. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056347
R.A. Wood, C. Jones, M.E. Machacek, W.R. Forman, A. Bogdan, et al., The infall of the Virgo elliptical galaxy M60 toward M87 and the gaseous structures produced by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. Astrophys. J. 847(1) (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8723
H. Xu, S.M. Kahn, J.R. Peterson, E. Behar, F.B.S. Paerels, et al., High-resolution observations of the elliptical galaxy NGC 4636 with the reflection grating spectrometer on board XMM-Newton. Astrophys. J. 579, 600–606 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1086/342828
L. Yan, J.G. Cohen, Search for coronal emission lines in cooling flow clusters with the Keck 10 meter telescope. Astrophys. J. 454, 44 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1086/176462
C. Zhang, E. Churazov, A.A. Schekochihin, Generation of internal waves by buoyant bubbles in galaxy clusters and heating of intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 478, 4785–4798 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1269
I.V. Zhuravleva, E.M. Churazov, S.Y. Sazonov, R.A. Sunyaev, K. Dolag, Resonant scattering in galaxy clusters for anisotropic gas motions on various spatial scales. Astron. Lett. 37, 141–153 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063773711010087
I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, A. Kravtsov, R. Sunyaev, Constraints on the ICM velocity power spectrum from the X-ray lines width and shift. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 422, 2712–2724 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20844.x
I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, A. Kravtsov, E.T. Lau, D. Nagai, R. Sunyaev, Quantifying properties of ICM inhomogeneities. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 428, 3274–3287 (2013a). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts275
I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, R. Sunyaev, S. Sazonov, S.W. Allen, et al., Resonant scattering in the Perseus cluster: spectral model for constraining gas motions with Astro-H. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435, 3111–3121 (2013b). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1506
I. Zhuravleva, E.M. Churazov, A.A. Schekochihin, E.T. Lau, D. Nagai, et al., The relation between gas density and velocity power spectra in galaxy clusters: qualitative treatment and cosmological simulations. Astrophys. J. Lett. 788, 13 (2014a). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/788/1/L13
I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, A.A. Schekochihin, S.W. Allen, P. Arévalo, et al., Turbulent heating in galaxy clusters brightest in X-rays. Nature 515, 85–87 (2014b). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13830
I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, P. Arévalo, A.A. Schekochihin, S.W. Allen, et al., Gas density fluctuations in the Perseus cluster: clumping factor and velocity power spectrum. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 450, 4184–4197 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv900
I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, P. Arévalo, A.A. Schekochihin, W.R. Forman, et al., The nature and energetics of AGN-driven perturbations in the hot gas in the Perseus cluster. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 2902–2915 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw520
I. Zhuravleva, S.W. Allen, A. Mantz, N. Werner, Gas perturbations in the cool cores of galaxy clusters: effective equation of state, velocity power spectra, and turbulent heating. Astrophys. J. 865, 53 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadae3
E. Zinger, A. Dekel, Y. Birnboim, D. Nagai, E. Lau, A.V. Kravtsov, Cold fronts and shocks formed by gas streams in galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 476, 56–70 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty136
J.A. Zuhone, E. Roediger, Cold fronts: probes of plasma astrophysics in galaxy clusters. J. Plasma Phys. 82(3), 535820301 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377816000544
J.A. ZuHone, M. Markevitch, M. Ruszkowski, D. Lee, Cold fronts and gas sloshing in galaxy clusters with anisotropic thermal conduction. Astrophys. J. 762, 69 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/69
J.A. ZuHone, E.D. Miller, A. Simionescu, M.W. Bautz, Simulating Astro-H observations of sloshing gas motions in the cores of galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 821, 6 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/6
J.A. ZuHone, E.D. Miller, E. Bulbul, I. Zhuravleva, What do the Hitomi observations tell us about the turbulent velocities in the Perseus cluster? Probing the velocity field with mock observations. Astrophys. J. 853, 180 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa4b3
Acknowledgements
A.S. gratefully acknowledges support by the Women In Science Excel (WISE) programme of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). M.G. is supported by NASA through Einstein Postdoctoral Fellowship Award Number PF5-160137 issued by the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, which is operated by the SAO for and on behalf of NASA under contract NAS8-03060. Support for this work was also provided by Chandra grant GO7-18121X. D.N. acknowledges Yale University for granting a triennial leave and the Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik for hospitality when this work was carried out. N.W. is supported by the Lendület LP2016-11 grant awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. E.R. acknowledges the support of STFC, through the University of Hull’s Consolidated Grant ST/R000840/1 and access to viper, the University of Hull High Performance Computing Facility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Clusters of Galaxies: Physics and Cosmology
Edited by Andrei Bykov, Jelle Kaastra, Marcus Brüggen, Maxim Markevitch, Maurizio Falanga and Frederik Bernard Stefan Paerels
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simionescu, A., ZuHone, J., Zhuravleva, I. et al. Constraining Gas Motions in the Intra-Cluster Medium. Space Sci Rev 215, 24 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0590-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0590-1